H j PAQE TWO THE LOGAN RBPUBLICA., THUR3DAY FEBRUARY 27 1913 I ROADBULDING M By Samuel Hill H In eighteen hundred seventy, for- H ! ty-nlno per cent of tliu population of H tbo United Slates wero farmers. In B ! nlnolccn lmmlroil ten, only twenty- H uovon pur cent were fnrmurH. How H can wo mnlntaln our form of govern- H ment? H' putting people on tlio land H nnd keeping them there. To do this H wo miiHt furnish them; first, good H roads; second, good telephone Her- H vice; third, iiood rural free delivery H of mall; fourth, good schools; Ilflli, H a market for farm products. H The freight rate begins nt tho farm M hotiso door. Tho Oregon and Wash- m Ington country Is famed, and Justly fl so for Us fruit. If tho fruit bo bruls- M cd In passing over four or llvo miles M of bad ronds before It reaches tho M market, It may chango tho qnullty B from Ilrst grade to fourth grade, yet H tho ultimate market for which It H was Intended may huvo been London M J'arls or Vladivostok. . M Kconomlcally no country Is bo ox- M Iravagaut as America. Wo havo had H In no sense, u distinctly constructive H jiollcy. Tho United States bus never H been operated as a business corpor- B utlon. Wo should iibU ourselves, what M can -wo mako out of our farms; what H can wo mako out of our cotton crop, M our corn crop, our wheat crop, or our M fruit crop. Wo havo grown to bo a M great nation almost In splto of our M selves, but wo havo left too much to M tho hired man, and tho hired man has H. not always run tho farm to tho best m advantage I)y tho hired man, I mean tbo representatives of tbo pec- ' plo who hnvo hcon sent to frame M laws under which wo can do bust- M ncss nnd dovclop tho country. Ho M has not been a trained man In city, M ' county, stato or nation building. M There are- a few Blmpie rules whlci M wo havo Ignored. Wo want tho bust operated government, and wo still pfta havo within our bordora people who pfta believe as I do, that wo havo tho M best form of government. pfta Tho real object of a nation should pftv bo not to ho rich, but to mako tho H best quality of citizenship. To attain pfta this end wo must so shapo things pft that each person will havo a deflnlto H Interest In tho country. Tho great pfta conservative forco In America uas always been tho farmer. Tho farm- or has alwayB proven himself ciiual H to the emergency. At tho Bnttlo of H Dettysburg tho First Regiment of H Minnesota, tho majority of whom M wcro farmers, showed what thoy H could do, and that regiment still H holds tho world's record In lighting H having lost elghty-threo per cent In H killed or wounded In tho Ilrst thirty- H llvo minutes. H Tho great cities nlwaya recruit H ' their strong men from tho laud. H Th pro Is no exception to this rule. H Transportation Costs Hj Having enumerated what I bellovo H ' tho requisites to solve tho most Ira- H J portant question beforo tho American fl pooplo today, It seems well to olab- Hit orato and show how tho farmers H transportation to market can ho 1 Improved. Tho United States leads H tho world In Its low cost of steam H ' transportation, three quarters of ono ".' cent per ton por mllo having been H j for many years about tlio averago H cost of moving a ton, or tho dallwnys H ( In America. H ' No ono knows Just what It coBts H ' in America to move a ton ono mllo H on tho highways. We do know that H 'I it costs moro than thirty cents. Wo H do know that the Central European H (-ouutrles move their tonnage for ten H. cents or less per ton per mllo; so H . w'o see that tho farmer is handicap- M" licd ' had wagon haul freight B rate of twenty cents por ton per mllo PJ in his competition with tils European brother. How can wo obviato or les- HJ sen this unnecessary cost? Only by M, hulldlng Improvod highways, Tho J University of Washington at Seattlo PJ i established tho first chair dovotod ox- J cluslvely to road building in tho Uni- M ted States, and built tho first build- M Ing over marked "Good Itoids" in the M history of tho world. m I lie time will como when tho H money spent nnd to bo spent for H roads will bo Just as sacredly regard- cd aB tho school fund Is regarded. H Somo day tho pcoplo will realize B that theso funds aro not Intended as H i a nucleus to form political organlza-- "ons and as a sum to bo spont In maintaining nnd In furthering per il sonol political schemes. Tho ono j great thing today in Amorlcn is odu PJ Cation, and then moro education. I do not mean that all theso men who hnndlo tho road funds nre dishonest. I I do not oven mean that all aro ut H , 'prly Incompetent. I do mean to say H that without some deflnlto flxod plan fa without Rome standardization, no Ha permanent systnni of roadB can bo i , built. H You can do nothing without Intel- B llgent org&ntxatlon. You can not M , k'llln rond without centrallied pow- , er. The efforts of Individuals aro as naught. They nro neither equipped nor prepared for this work. Itoad building Is a business all by Itself. It Is Just as dllllcult to build a road aB It Is to mako a watch. It requires specialized training. I havo been studying tho question for moro then thlrty-flvo years, and feel that I am only n beginner. And yet, thero aro legislators who havo told mo they know all about roads. Tho)' havo given a day and a half to tho study In question. What Constitutes a Good Road Now n word ns to tho method of road building, the kind of a road to bu built, and tho means with which to do It. So eminent n mail as John !'. Stevens wroto an nrtlclo which I published In a book, In which ho said; "I do not think In nil America thero oro ten men thoroughly compe tent In every detail to build n pleco of thoroughly first class wagon road." Ho said; "I could not build n mllo of road myself, yet I would not hesitate to undertake tho build ing of a thousand miles of railway tomorrow." Yet tho reader of theso lines can on any street corner find a politician who will tell him Just how to build nny kind of road. First, then wo must havo tho brains to locato and detcrmlno whero tho road Bhnll bo built. Second, wo must now tho kind of road to build to carry tho trafllc which will pass over it. Ity this I mean It is not nec essary to build boulevards over which to drlvo cows. Third, In locating tho road It Is necessary to mako a careful survo)' with proper contour lines, bo as to balanco tho quantities both by vortical nnd by longitudinal curvature What do theso big words mean? Let mo toll you. The first road I built thlrty-flvo years ago I covered with sand, then sent a wag on with a load of hay drawn by a pair of horses out upon tho road, and then I saw what you havo nil aeon; that to rest tholr musclos tho horses zigzagged back nnd forth across tho road. Then I saw that tho tractive power on a highway wbb unllko tho tractlvo power on a railway. Tho tractlvo power on n railway roqutrod n tangent (strnlght line) to get tho easiest pull. Tho tractlvo power on a highway did not requlro n tangent In other words, you could so curvo your road lengthwise aB to mako tho man or tho animal take tho obstruc tion whero naturo put It, and fold nround tho hill. If you built straight through and mado u straight line, you would havo to movo great quan tities of material, anil when you fin ished, tho horses would still coutlnuo to zigzag back and forth across tho straight road, and tho chauffeur, to rest his muscles, would tnko n long swinging curvo and your money would bo wasted. Again, wo all know that a pootpath across n field Is never In n straight lino. Tho main zlgzngs; If you doubt this, tho next time, you pass a vacant lot, look nnd seo how tho path zigzags across tho lot; or if you aro not satisfied, go out yourself and try to walk on tho crack of a cement sidewalk for threo blocks and seo how you llko it, or ask any blcyclo rider if ho can not go fnrthor over n slightly rolling country In ft day than ho can over a lovol road. Tho horso can pull a load continuously over a moderate grado to better advantago than ho can on n dull flat road. So balnnco your quantities by vertical curvnturo. So much for tho location How To Guild n Good Road Now for the construction: If your survey has been mado ns It should bo made nnd in passing I might say that I havo had surveyed In Oregon ten such miles of road nnd presented tho survey with my compliments to tho pcoplo you will bo In position Mover to pick up n shovelful of earth until you know Just whero you nro going to put that shovelful of earth, and that stono before you lay it down It Is tho unnecessary labor that costs It Is not the farmer who tries to push on tho plow bundle that gets over tho biggest field In tho day. During tho lifetime of all thu people who read this, tho groat majority of roads must necessarily bo earth roads, and Just as much caro must bo used In hulldlng an earth road as In hulldlng any other kind, because, tho propor earth road always serves nB tho foundation on which the top surfaco of a hard surfaco road Is to bo placed. In looking over tho ussots which tho stato of Washington hr.d, I saw a hitherto uncapltallzed assot In tho shape of convict labor. I saw that theso convicts wcro eating tholr heads off In tho ponttentlnry, and rusting their souls out In Idleness, or In planning now schemes to bo used when reloased and; nsldo from tho great problom of making men of theso convicts, I saw that thoy could at the same tlmo bo utilized ns an asset for tho stato. Thero 1b no rea son why any body of men, rich or poor, convict or freo, should be sup ported In Idleness. 8omobody must pay for tholr keep. So about ten years ago we started the use of con- vlct labor In making roads, and It is my opinion that better results can bo obtained with convict labor than with freo labor. Did you over stop to think that It is only tho smart man that gets In trouble? He thinks ho Is shrewd enough to evade the law, nnd If you nro careful to or ganize your convicts, you havo a chance to draw from every class nnd walk In life, becauso a prison Is nil epitome of the world nt large. In Washington wo had at ono time a ')ank burglar nnd safo blower for our powder man who handled tho our powder man who handled tho dynnmlto. You cannot In your ovory day walk of llfo get n bank burglar to work for you. He Is too high priced n man Tho convicts earned net per man per day on tho Methow work on the Up per Columbia In Washington $1.03 for tho stnto; they earned on the Lylo work In Washington for tho Btnto $3.05 net per man per dny.. Theso figures wcro based on the North Hank classification for money paid for moving earth and rock for the rnllwny. So I nm heartily In fa vor of convict labor on roads. The Question of Ways and Means Now the question comes up, how to get money to build theso roads1 In Washington, every four years, tho stato spends $115,078,000, nnd I do not hcsltnto to sny that tne great bulk of this money Is absolutely was ted. There are only three ways for tho public to get mono)-: first, when it is given to them, us In the very generous gift of S. Uenson who gave ton thousand dollars, to help build a road In Hood river county; second, to secure It by Belling Its obligations In tho form of bonds; and the third way to ralso It is by taxation. Tho objection to a bond Issue ot courso Is, that tho moment tho bonds nro Issued, tho interest charges start to run, and that it makes a fund which In Improper hands Is likely to be wasted. Tbo objection to depending on money for road building by taxa tion la that the sums so secured aro so small relatively as to bo frittered nwny In driblets on small pieces of road, and tho llfo of soveral separate ploces of road Is relatively shorter than tho llfo of a continuous high way. Experience hnH shown us that all the trunkllnes of road, whether n Kastern Oregon or In Washington, or Wcstorn Oregon or Washington, should ultimately bo covered with a hard surface, and with a bituminous binder. At Mnryhlll, Washington, I havo finished soveral miles of dem onstration road to servo ns a model for tho United States. Whllo It may bo too soon to speak, I bellovo that, regard being had to tho traffic, thoso country roads will outlast any single block ot paved street In Portland. I base that statement on tho fact that tho great North Road of Eng land built by B. P. Ilooley has been down for sixteen years. I have pho tographed It every year for tho last llvo years and I find no appreciable wear and tear. Of courso, it Is kept up by intelligent maintenance. You can travel over It nnd you find no dust. Steam lorries or traction en gines pulling londed wagons pass ov er this road averaging about 9 an hour, nnd I do not know of any high way in America over which you would dare run an engine However, I am willing to huvo ono run on tho road at .Mary bill. In Oregon and Washington wo are well supplied with road building material Tho records havo not been kept In such n way us to show the cost of tho roads lit tho country around Port hind and Seattle, but adding to tho cost money which has been Bpont on repairs to these ronds, I feel safe in estimating that one-bait tho monoy f-o spent will build a permanent, Ilrst class, automobllo proof, traction engine proor, nnd dust proof road. In saying what I hrve above It Is not my desire to rolled In any way on tho men who havo gone before us, but pioneer days In tbo United States hnvo gone. The minds of tho pcoplo nro moro cuntorcd on trans portation methods than on tho move ment of ox carts. Tho cost of build- M1UJ11 Ul UA. UllllB. 1UU CUHl UL UU1IU- I Ing n good road Is much less than tho cost ot building n bad road, pro vided you uie scientific methods In ono caso and tho rulo ot thumb in tho other. Did you ovor think why a railroad Is built Into a country? It Is to get a portion ot tho tralllc rif that country, Is It not? Tho rail road can not get It all, yot mon havo spent stxty-Qvo thousand dollars por mllo on tho averago to build rail ways in America, nnd hcBttato to spend seven thousand flvo hundred dollars per mllo to build a good high wny, yet ojr that highway must all Iho trnfllc pass beforo It can reach the rnllwny station of tho wharf. To sum up then, only two things nro necessary to havo good roadB; Ilrst, to educato tho pooplo to tho nocesslty of such roads, and last nnd most important of all, to show thorn hqw efcscntial It Is to build the roads. When the bowels become Irregu lar you are uncomfortable and the longer this condition exists tho worse you feel. You can get rid of this misery quickly by using HER HINE. Tako a dose on going to bed and seo how fine you feel next day. Prlco 60c. Sold by niter Dros Drug Co. Advertisement. Femlnlno Perversity. Even tho womnn who wishes to talk all tho time becomos Impatient If her husband falls to try to get In a word now and then. "Suffered day and night tbo tor ment of itching piles. Nothing helped mo until I used Doan's Olntmont. It cured mo permanently." Hon. John It. Garrett, Mayor, Glrard, Ala. Advertisement. m To Take Marks Off Furniture. Wot a sponge In common spirits of camphor and npply It freely to tho furniture It has nenrly. If not qulto, tho snmo effect ns varnish has, and Is much cheaper. A Bcnld, burn, or- sevoro cut honli slowly If neglected. Tho' family thn keeps a bottlo of BALLARDS SNOW LINIMENT on hand Is always pro pal ed for such accldonts. Prlco 25c, r0c, and $1. per bottlo. Sold by ni ter Dros. Drug Co., Advertisement. I A WOMAN IS f KNOWN BY HER I STATIONERY f How do your letters look? X Don't be Judged wrongly by x using poor out-of-Btyl9 papers f when only a slight outlay will f provld, you with stationery k that Is strictly correct. 1 WE CARRY IN 8TOCK THE Z A VERY LATEST X T Anything you select from this T T lino will be correct and here's f f a wide variety from which to I 9 select. Bo sure to see these new papers. 1 Riter Bros. Drug Co I THE REXALL 8TORE f . ESCAPED AFTER FIFTEEN YEAR9 W. P. Uroyles made a successful escape after fifteen years ot suffer ing from kidney and bladder troubles. Foley Kidney Pills released him nnd will do Just tho same for others. 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