The San Francisco call. [volume], January 12, 1907, Page 1, Image 1

About The San Francisco call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1895-1913

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"The Girl of the Snowless Winter" is a
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The Sunday Call
VOLUME CI.— NO. 43.
Law Marks Recorder for Dismissal
DIRECT PRIMARY
REFORM MEETS
OPPOSITION
In Party Platforms It Is
Regarded Good, but Xot
So in Form of a Law
USUAL TACTICS TO
DEFEAT MEASURE
Enemies of Movement Em-
ploy Trust Methods Used
by Eastern Corporations
CALL HEADQUARTERS,
1007 EIGHTH STREET.
SACRAMENTO. Jan. 11.—
jThe friends of direct primary elec
tion reform are to meet with or
ganized opposition to their efforts
to secure the submission of a
proposition for a dear, unequivo
cal constitutional amendment that
will permit of the enactment of a
direct primary law. l
Word has been definitely passed
from headquarters that a direct
primary law plank secured under
duress is not an unacceptable or
nament to a party platform, but
that a real direct primary election
law is quite another thing and in
no wise desirable. The fight
against the reform the people have
been promised is to be a fight of
indirection. The forecasted tac
tics are not unlike. those employed
unsuccessfully in Minnesota and
Wisconsin by the railroads, and
with a considerable degree of suc
cess in Michigan, Illinois and
North Dakota by the same self
sacrificing public service corpora
i
tions.
The l>rdf bill, providing for the *»n
.ectment of a direct primary law with
out the preliminary amendment of the
constitution, will be Introduced on Mon
day. Since both Governor Pardee In
his farewell message and Governor
Glllett In hip inaugural message stated
unequivocally that a constitutional
amendment was prerequisite to the en
actment of a valid direct primary law,
and /something more than one-third of
the members of the Assembly and Sen
tsta are committed to the same belief
and have pledged themselves to vote
for the submission of a proposition for
«n amendment, bills* of the character of
the Leeds measure cannot furnish the
ultimate hanger for the organization
blanket.
Time will b*> frittered away with al
leged attempts to amend the Political
Cod*. Direct primary reform will be
condemned as revolutionary. Its ac
complishment by gradual stops will be
pacifically advocated, and finally an at
tempt will be made to push the whole
•matter into a premature grave, burifd
\u25a0under a multiplicity of schemes for con
stitutional amendments, none of them
rl«*ar. unambiguous or designed to
make redemption of the platform
pledges possible.
The efforts of well-intentioned per-
Ps to spcure some immediate relief,
liable as they are in themselves, are
«lready showing their effect on the dis
poFition of the Legislature. Thcrr is a
considerable faction In the Legislature,
end It Is not composed entirely of the
men who arc Interested In the political
fortunes or misfortunes of George C.
Pardce, that wants to give the people
a voice in thp next election of a United
States Senator.
They believe that this can be accom
plished through an amendment to the
Political Code, which can be secured
<bX the present session, and that such
Bmr-nflmcnt will not Interfere with the
submission of a proposition for an*
amendment which will make direct
primary laws possible. Their under
taking is no simpie task. An amend
ment to the code euch as they desire
will be difficult tc frame. More diffi
cult to pass, if they manage to frame
finp that would stand up under an at
tack on its constitutionality.
Admitting that they can frame such
en amendment and that they can pass
it, they will have accomplished noth
ing for direct primary election reform
end their efforts may be reasonably
expected to precipitate a fight in the
committee on elections and election
Jaws, which will consume time and
energy and lessen the chances of get
ting out for the consideration of the
Assembly and Senate a carefully con
sidered, properly drawn direct primary
Continued on rage 2, Column 1
The San Francisco Call.
INDEX OF THE
SAN FRANCISCO CALL'S
NEWS TODAY
TELEPHONE TEMPOILUIV 6«
SATURDAY. JANTJART 12, 1907
WEATHER CONDITIONS
TESTnBDAA"— dear; maximum tejapcratore,
S6; minimum temperature, 48.
FORECAST FOB TODAX— Fair; light ww K t
\u25a0 tm ii
EDITOniAL
The Call doM not suffer crare alarm Inspired
by GoTpmor GUlett'a remark that the direct
primary ml^ht re«olt la fastening the domina
tion or the machine on the State. Pa*e S
Mr. J. C. Stobb*. the traffic director of the
Barrlmaa gyatftn, a delightful casuist. P«*e I
Prealdent wrote bis message on Japanese
question first and then sent Metealf here to dio
ooTpr "facta" to sopport his conclusions. Pa»« 8
Witnesses railed tn bebalf of Rnef and
Rohmltz In sraft prosecutions are in pay of the j
State. Pass >
LEGISLATURE i
Senate adopts Learltt's resolution to adjourn
until Monday to jdre more time to prepare
bills for presentation. Par* 8
Sanford to Introduce resolution rebuking Pres
ident and Mrtcalf for pro-Japanese stand. P. *
- legislature will render null and rold appoint
ments of LJndley, Tranaoe and Elston. Pace 2
Enemies of direct primary law organize to
oppose Leeds bill. Page 1
San Francisco delegation detects plot to
hamper Insurance legislation and defeats the
plotters. Pare 2
Conference agrees to esk Legislature to put
probation officers on salary and glre committees
powrr to appoint. \ Pare 2
ARCHBISHOP MONTGOMERY
Throngs rislt Cathedral, where late Arch
bishop Montgomery's body lies In state. Par« 14
CITY
Recorder Ne!son draws two salaries In tlo
j latlon of charter and State constitution. Pare 1 \u25a0
| Canners' ix-ajnie formulates plans to obtain
lower freight rates and a city belt line. P. 13
San Franclnro policy-holders win decision
against the North German Insurance Company
of Hamburg that establishes corporation liability
to pay $4,500,000. P*f c 1
More than 1,000,000 Southern Nerada shares
are sold In a day, but market nluea drop set
eral points. Page 5
Dr. Hartland Law sustains broken arm In
auto accident. ' Pare 1*
Mayor Schmits fills twelve racanclen In the
munflpal government, rewardlnr former ad
herents and paying off old scores. Page 3
Girl strikers decline old positions at cordage
factory until men's request Is granted. Pare 1
SUBURBAN
One Chinese 1* killed and four are wounded
In a highbinder war. Page 1
' Simon Dlkeman. - subject of guardianship con
test between sons, takes stand In Alameda court,
but • memory prores hazy. Par* 4
Mayor Mott advocates passage of bond ' Issue
for . municipal lmprorements.' , Fare 4
Weary of delay <rw home building, young
Oakland couple wed after waiting long, on a
dilatory contractor. Fare 4
Southern Fadfle engineer objects to paying
alimony to two former wltps while be has a
third to support. Page 4
COAST l£x£\ .. 'X<c-l\-t
Salinas Valley flooded, ranches under water
and cattle are drowned; Chinese in boat cap
sized, one perishes. Page 5
Federation of Labor conrentlon In Stockton
electa new officers and chooses Yallejo for meet-
Ing nert year. T J Pare 9
San Jose youth painfully Injures two girls
walking In street by emptying shotgun at
them. V;' ~" . •\u25a0'. Page 1
DOMESTIC
Colorado legislators table resolution providing
for committee to inrestlgate Simon Guggen*
helm's alleged purchase of United Ststes Sen
atorship. Page 10
Reriews by commercial agencies show 1907
business of. country continues on par with that
of last year. Pare 6
Interstate Commerce Commission may order
Union Pacific to sell Its Southern Pacific
Htock. Fare 3
Steamship Ponce, long OTerdae, is towed into
harbor In the Bermudas. Fare 13
On protest of Southerners Senate refrains from
referring to Cirll War as a rebellion. P*ge S
FOREIGJf
Roman Pontiff in encyclical address deplores
act of France and promises rictory In future
for holy oburch. . * Pare S
Hamburg court holds that North German In
surance Company cannot escape liabilities In this
city, amounting to $4,500,000, because of earth-
OUS Lf* f I JBUf»** PtJf ft 1
Senator-Recorder Nelson holds two offices in
violation of constitution and charter. Pare 1
SOCIAL
Bal poudre of Mrs. Tnez Sborb White Is
Quaintly beautiful affair. Pare 8
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Clarence Breeden enter
tain a few friends at dinner. Page 8
SPORTS
Manager McCarey of Los Angeles Is trying to
lndnce Joe Bowker, champion featber-weicht of
England, to come here to fight. Pare 7
Fight promoters face to face with adverse
legislation at Sacramento. Page .7
Four faroritcs arc bowled over at Emery
rlllp. Pace 6
Succeed easily defeats the well played favorite
In the feature event at Ascot Park. Page 6
LABOR
Delegates nominate officers for the Labor
Council. Page 8
Laborers' Protective Union Initiates sixty-four
members and receives 150 applications. Page 9
REAL. ESTATE
Assertion Is made in realty circles that one
third of rity's burned area is covered aX
ready.'jffpj *"*£• '
MARINE
Steamship Catania comes from - New Tork to
enter olWarrylng trade. Page 7
PLAGE YOUR
WANT ADS
, - rUK InL
Sunday Gall
THIS MORNING
Send them to Main Office
or through Branch Offices
or telephone them.
SAN FRANCISCO, SATURDAY,:, JANUARY/ 12, ,1907.
HIGHBINDER WAR
IS OPENED IN
OAKLAND
One Chinese Is Killed in His
Home and Four Others
Are Shot Down in Street
ROW OVER A GIRL'
STARTS TROUBLE
Several Arrests Are Made,
but Witnesses /Are 1 Loath
to Identify the Prisoners
OAKLAND, Jan. 11— One Chinese
was killed and four wounded in an old*
fußhfonrd highbinder outbreak in
Chinatown tonigbt. The trouble opened
nith I lie siAKonslnatlon of Lee Book
Done, a capitallnt. Dong vraa ahot
Trblle be na* seated at the supper
table In bin home at 6SI Harrison street.
Two Chinese were admitted to the
room where Dong was eating after re
peated knocking at the door' and each
fired one shot from a revolver and dis
appeared. Both bullets struck Dong
and he died almost instantly.. A short
time later the fusillade commenced in
the Chinese quarter.
The killing of Dong seemed to have
been the signal for a general! battle.
Before the shooting "ceased four more
Chinese had been shot and 'more or
less seriously wounded, while others
barely escaped the whizzing bullets.
. Hop Sings and Ping Kongs were In
volved in the outbreak, which the police
believe was due to a quarrel among
t.he- Chinese over Ah Kee., a comely
girl:- who Hves~ at ' Do'ng'lThorae. **6he
witnessed the murder of the capitalist,
but disappeared before the police
(searched the house. Dong is said to
have . been heavily Interested in gam
bling games and. in other questionable
sources' of revenue in the Chinese
quarter.
A few minutes after the killing of
Dong. Hong King 80. a sleek young
Chinese, ran puffing into Policeman
Keefe's arms at Fourth and Harrison
street?, two blocks from Dong's house.
Keefe. who was hurrying to the scene,
saw the fugitive throw away a pistol,
which was subsequently recovered. The
weapon contained six empty shells.
At Second and Alice streets, a block
from the Dong home, Chin Fong, a
fruit picker from Walnut Grove, was
shot and badly wounded. One bullet
struck him in the mouth and another
plowed its way through his neck. He
Identified Fong Tv Long, a cook, as his
assailant. Fong Tv Lung was shot
twice, once in the left side and once In
the arm. Loo Son. who hails from San
Jose, was shot In the right side and
arm while standing at Fourth and Har
rison streets, and Lung Jin, a cook at
Twenty-eighth street and Telegraph
avenue, received a bullet in the left
arm and shoulder while crossing Sixth
and Webster streets. He says Lowe
Chick shot him.
Chun Wing, a gambier.on his way to
his home at 813 Harrison street with
his son Chun Fong. was made the tar
get for seven bullets fired by two men.
Thomas Fox says he saw another Chi
nese shot at by two men at Third and
Webster streets. Sergeant Cockerton
arrested Jew Kong on Fox's Identifica
tion, and found an empty two-barrel
J>erringer Hear \u25a0 where he had been
standing. t
Chief of Police Wilson, Captain Lynch
and a score of detectives, sergeants and
patrolmen who unearthed the affair at
tribute the shooting- to a general high
binder disagreement over the girl. Ah
Kee. and a gambling dispute.
Dong was a Hop Sing. News of his
assassination was quickly spread broad
cast throughout; the Chinese district
and his fellow members in the long
\u25a0were not slow In deciding to avenge his
death. "Hop Sings to the rescue!"
seemed to bo their slogan, and by the
time the police arrived there were bul
lets everywhere.
The wounded men were taken to the
Receiving Hospital. There Fong Tv
Lung, who had been received for'treat
ment, was arrested after his wounds
had been dressed. ,"....
Captain of Police Lynch says that; as
far as he can learn, the Hop Sing, men
began the attack on the Ping: Kongs
as soon as they heard of the. death' of
Dong, who was a leader in his clan.
The wife of the dead Chinese declares
shecannot identify either, of the men
who shot her husband. Chinese men
who offered the police assistance and
who helped ;' to :\u25a0. identify several of „ the
men arrested have been -threatened
with vengeance by; highbinders.':? They
are now. under • police guard: at> their"
homes.
- Only -on"e;of rthe wounded -men,' Chin
Fong,' is/seriodsly; shot.. " ' •
HAMBURG COURT
SAYS COMPANY
MUST PAY
Earthquake Clause Cannot
Serve the Xorth German
to Escape Paying Losses
PROVISION HELD TO
BE TOO AMBIGUOUS
Decision Means .Insurance
Claims Totaling $4,500,000
Must Be Settled in Gity
HAMBURG, Jan. 11— .The North Ger
man Fire. Insurance Company, accord-
Ing to a decision rendered by the local
court in a tent cane today, must pay the
losses Yvhloh It Incurred an a result of
the . San Franelaco \u25a0- earthquake last
year.
The court held that- the earthquake
clause In the policy, Tras too amhlsr-
uom to justify the company neektnsr to
escape liability. . The court also ordered
the Trans-Atlantic Fire Insurance Com
pany tn reimburse two lOn^llnh com
panies Trblcli had . reinsured San Fran
cisco rinks when the fire lonaes were ad-
Justed. The court refused to sustain
the Trans-Atlantic ' Company's conten
tion that "the 'Enslish' companies ex
ceeded the . limit of generosity In set
tling the losses so rapidly.
Like the Rhine and ' Moselle; the Aiiß
trlan Phoenix and "the Transatlantic
companies,' the North German of Ham
burg absolutely denied liability.- No,
policy holder: could get \u25a0 a dollar " from
it. Finally, when it was evident that
nothing could be obtained . except
through legal proceedings in Germany,
steps were taken to bring v the matter
before the German courts. .
A commission of San Francisco men.
including I .' William -.Thomas and "Oscar
Sutro, attorneys,- and' F. TV. Dohrmann.
the president of the San . Francisco
Policy Holders' League, journeyed to
Gerrriany, aftor first providing them
selves with; credentials from the* De
partment ofState of the United States.
The North . German Policy Holders'.: As
sociation 1 of San Francisco, of "which
W. J. Herrin-is president, also engaged
counsel in Hamburg to prosecute
claims against the* North Germanrof
Hamburg. ,~X > - :
*, The decision means;that the company
must pay. San Francisco claims amoiint
ing to 14^600,000. ;;.;,: .-.. ---j '- ; "
CAPTAIN PORTER'S
PLEA DISMISSED
SPECIAL; DISPATCH TO THE CALL.
WASHINGTON. Ja^n. H.-i-George
Uhle'f, supervising inspector general of
the. steamboat f inspection serviced has
dismissed for.swant ; of .^jurisdiction the
appeal of Captain Porter of the steamer
Mongolia, 'from the decision of Super
vising.'. Inspector . Bermlngham of'.; the
Pacific Coast 'District'^revoking?hls^li
cense as,* captain'; for* a- period r off; six
months. \u25a0.Inspector. • Ber
agfeenient: of ~ : - Inspectors : f.-; Bulger,, and
Bolles 'in \the- matter.'. , .
AS State Senator and as Recorder of the City and County of San
Francisco, John H.; Nelson holds two offices, a violation of both
the constitution and the charter. It is the duty of Mayor Schrnitz
to remove him from his municipal office.
ROPEWORKS GIRLS
LOYAL TO MEN
; \u25a0 Fifty grirls 'and 300 men employed". ln
the Tuhbs Cordaere Company's\factory
at Twenty-second and lowa streets who
str«ck Friday night ;n; n week- ago, are
Ktill -out, In spite of the fact that" the
company has extended a co*rdlar,lnvitn-'
tion; to' the girls to return to. thelrold
places'. • : \u25a0". .-• >-,; * '\u25a0\u25a0 < -. \u25a0 1- . . •
~ The 'girls' loyalty' to' the men, nhn
bad struck ; in ' try mpa t hy w U h i, t hem , haY
prompted the girls to refuse togo back
until. the demand of the masculine con
tlngent, that the foreman of; the ' fac
tory be discharged, is acceded to. .".Tbey
take the stand 'that A the men* would
never have struck had it not been -for
them anil .that; therefore"; It ' would-be'
unfair for them to give up the fight,
leaving . the 300 men, ' many of whom
have large f ami Hen, to face the trouble
alone. \u25a0 ' . . . - \u25a0\u25a0.-.',%."-:\u25a0
The women employees of the company,
learned that a change had' been made
in 'the system of weighing thebobbins,
slightly", reducing wages. •« Although
there was no cordage workers' unionin
San ; Francisco, \u25a0 the women walked out
after a lively controversy with the fore
man. V '• \u25a0 ' . ' .' \u0084-\u25a0\u25a0, .' | ,
Saturday morning' the 300 male em :
ployes appeared at the usual hour . for
beginning' work and -presented ajpetl
tibn^to Superintendent Fred Engeirre
questing the dismissal of the foreman,
who, : they alleged, had not ' acted In a
gen tlemanlyj manner : toward the > girls.
Upon ;: the refusal^ of [ their, request- they,
declined* to. go to'. work.';. V-; . •
An invitation 'was /.then extended the
girls by the" company ' to ' return- to .their
places, -but ,th"ey_4declaredv;they ; would
remain out so long as the; request made'
by^theVmen f-in .their .behalf was un
heeded:'^ - ;, \u25a0'-". •••!\u25a0 --..--;.".;\u25a0\u25a0;.•.?"''- ;
h-." Superintendent: Engel posted [ af notice
inTthe] factory : to';the, effect "that^all; of
the^former. employes who;wish<?dJtOjre
turn^f under : existing *; conditions \u25a0. might
do .so;' :•"' : : ;\u25a0 '. :"'\u25a0 - .'\u25a0 .-T : : j'. 'l' : - \u25a0• :V; : \u25a0• * : : : '.-
; "J."The; factory, will! be running Monday
withy two-thirds^of?, our >'6ld^ men:; on
d uty.Vi he said \ y este rday.% "'The present
difficulty ,; is', not .injuring tour ibuslness,
as ;iwev wished \u25a0%, to ?;make J some J repairs.*
any way,*, and ; byi the j time . we ' are ! ready^
for them '.I feel ' sure all , of t our ,- former
employes will 'come back^toVus.'^; ' : ,'
; ; E/?"Edwards,% f oremaji • of % the r.'rope
wor ks.H.was » T one i of •, t he f men whom \u25a0 the
workers : \u25a0- ' \u25a0' '\u25a0•
1... . --.---....
' \u25a0-- San FranciscoV famous "Little Mex
ico" has. been rediscovered, located within
the ruined walls of the church of its pat- I
ron saint. See photos and article in
The Sunday Call
EMPTIES SHOTGUN
AT TWO GIRLS
: SAN- JOSE. Jan. -11. —Mary Belardi.
aged , 16 years, and Flora Larica, aged
17 years, Italian girls, were painfully
injured about, the head and arms by
fine-shot fired from" a gun in the hands
of \u25a0'.- Frank ' Bomeritta, aged 22 years,
this evening. "The shooting occurred
in; Bird' avenue, near' San Carlos street.
The .young.girls; were walking slowly
along the street »when; they were fired
at from'' behind "land" struck by many
of the flne'shot. \
They- screamed in fright and. look
ing"behind,:sawa man' running away.
He 'I a -' : shotgun. Both girls
i'dentifled 'film. as_ Bomeritta. a laborer
who,lives'at-19 McEvoy street.
: The ; girls -were ' hurried to their
homes arid; a physician, was summoned.
Miss \u25a0 , Belardi; lives at 54 j McEvoy street
and. the home of Miss Larica, the more
seriously injured, is in Bird avenue,
near 'San Carlos street, In the vlcinlt-y
of jthe shooting... .
The motive for the - shooting, is not
known by the victims or tho police. A
warrant \ has been issued for' Bomerit
ta's arrest on the- complaint of Rocco
Paradlso.
- Miss :Larica was removed to- the
O'Connor sanitarium. Teh pellets, ap
parently duckshot. were taken from
underneath - the patient's skin. The
wounds were Inflicted in the back of
the head, back; of the neck and back.
Miss Belardi » received similar^ but less
serious ! wounds.- .='
TIDAL WAVE ENDS
LIVES OF 340
;; THE J HAGUE,, 1 Jan. 11.— A tidal wave
devastated"' some .\u25a0 of the Dutch East
Indies south of Achin. The loss is very
greater It .. Is -known that 300 persons
perished \u25a0_, on the .Island of-' Tana- and
forty were drowned -at the Island of
simaiu." % f ••\u25a0; WBBbBse&BBSBM
PRICE FIVE CENTS.
POCKET-SENATOR
OF RUEF IS IN
JEOPARD!
Kelson Draws Two Salaries
in Violation of Charter
and State Constitution
MAYOR'S DUTY IS
.TO OUST RECORDER
Opinion Expressed That In
dicted Executive Dare
Not Offend Curly Boss
John H. Nelson, State Senator
and Recorder of the city and
county of San Francisco, lords it
in his two offices and fattens on
his two salaries in flagrant viola
tion of the law. His right either
to hold his seat in the State Senate
or to continue his indifferent ad
ministration of the Recorder's of
fice ' is unquestioned, but his
right to hold . two offices is
not only denied him and
every other citizen by the State
constitution, but in specific terms
the charter of the city and county
of San Francisco marks his dual
\u25a0tfffidal capacity as outlawry. The
charter says:
- Any person holdtnjs any salaried of
fice under the elty and county, vrhether
I*7 election or appointment, who shall,
during: hl» term of office, bold or retain
any other salaried office uorter the Gov
ernment of the United States, or of this
State, or irbo stiall hold any other sala
ried office connected with the govern
ment of the city and connty, or who
\u25a0ball become a member of the Legis
lature, shall be deemed to have thereby
vacated the office held by htm tinder
the city and county.
DITTY. OF THB MAYOR
When men are holding office under
the government of the city and county
of San \u25a0 Francisco c 4 nd are guilty of
malfeasance, or If conditions arise that
nullify the legality of their commissions,
it is the duty of the Mayor, by virtue
of the power conferred on him by the
charter, to remove such offending offi
cial. But Senator-Recorder Nelson Is
the chief pride and possession of Abe
Ruef; be is the pocket Senator of the
Indicted boss; the first chip to win of
the many the curly boss played in the
game of politics; the entering wedge
that finally permitted Ruef to break
his way through to the public trough,
to become wealthy, then infamous, then
indicted for many felonies. .
Since his Indictment on charges of
extortion. Mayor Schmitz has wildly
endeavored to arouse public sympathy
in his behalf by seeking to create the
impression that he had broken with
Ruef forever; that he had discarded the
stick that tarred, him. Now la hi 3
chance to make good. 'Nelson, holding
office as Recorder, is violating not only
the spirit but the letter of the law, and
he refuses to step down and out. Tha
Mayor's duty is plain. Recorder Nel
son should be removed and his succes
sor appointed.
SCHMITZ'S NERVE QUESTIONED
But the questions are asked: 'Has
Schmitz the nerve? Dare he remove
Nelson? Isn't all his talk about break-
Ing with Ruef a bluff, and will he not,
in his anxiety to stand with Ruef
throughout their mutual tribulation,
violate the law again, at least In spirit,
by refusing to move against . Ruefs
most- cherished chattel In the upper
house of the Legislature?
Before the Legislature convened Nel
son was asked if he was not aware
that retaining his seat in the Senate
and at the same time holding the
office of Recorder were not In violation
of the Constitutlonl In answer pie said:
"My occupancy of both positions at
the same time is not unconstitutional,
for I maintain that the office^ of Senator!
is not a - salaried position.* "For my
work as Senator I am paid by 'the day.
The constitution has nothing to aay
on. this -point."..
OTEGLECTS TH3 CHARTER
After making this admission that
as a Senator he. is working not for. a
salary but , for wages, he . ceased talk-
Ing. He knew nothing of the charter
provisions, or, -on \ti\e other hand, he
probably "knew too -much and., being
Continued on Page 2, Column 7.