The San Francisco call. [volume], August 07, 1909, Page 3, Image 3

About The San Francisco call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1895-1913

Image provided by: University of California, Riverside; Riverside, CA

                
HOW FRANK WILLIAMS MADE HIS GREAT GLIDE
rRANK .TVILLIAitS' father, pre
tended cot to -look surprised
when a long ofScial looking en
velope was laid beside his son's plate
at breakfast one morning.
Usually such documents came to him.
But today it was different. Frank in
turn pretended to be as unconcerned
vis if tt were an ordinary occurrence.
He fingered the long- envelope and
Elarieed at the postmark, just as if he
didn't know that it would be . the
name of a large western metropolis.
In the upper corner was printed "Ju
nior aero clv&." . The eyes of the whole
family were upon Frank when he
opened the envelope, but no one spoke
while he glanced silently over the type
written contents- Then he appeared to>
relapse into deep thought.
Finally Mr. Willian-.s summoned up
courage enough to interrupt his prom
ising young son's meditation.
""Something important, my boy?"
•"Oh. just the announcement of my
election. I'm a nonresident member
now. Junior aero ciub of , you
know." answered Frank importantly.
Henry Williams snickered. Henry was
five years older, and everything Frank
did was a joke.
However, in spite of Henry's laugh
ter it was decidedly Frank's inning
at the breakfast table that day. espe
cially when he disclosed to the awed
family circle some very professional
looking blueprints also forwarded by
the Junior aero club.
These plans meant a great deal to
t!ie youthful aviator. With their help
he felt confident of realizing his dream
of flying. He had worked many a
Saturday trying to perfect a real air
ship, but without success. Now .these
working drawings gave him new hope.
His former efforts in aerial construc
tion, the Chrlstobel and the Zephorino,
were the cause of interesting adven
tures. But they were only models. All
his ambitions now centered in the yh- «
finished machine lying Inside the bal
loon ehed down in the aerodrome. .
Frank always called things by their
proper names. I suppose anybody else
would have called his balloon shed a
cow shed and his aerodrome a plain or
dinary clover patcli. Everybody laughed
at him except his father, who realized
how deeply in earnest Frank was about
his airships.
But if Frank had created a family
sensation that morning Henry certainly
claimed attention the next morning.
This time the big long envelope lay
on his plate. •'
"No, sir. I'm doing something use
ful!" "answered- Henry, grinning at
Frank, who tried not to,, show how
curious he was. Then it came out how
the old naturalist down at the village
had fold Henry about the competition
being held by a famous natural history
museum. This museum announced a
competitive examination open to all
youths under 21. Six positions were
open, and the lucky winners were to
be trained to become fall fledged nat
uralists. The large envelope contained
the printed entry blanks which Henry
had written for. Henry had a "great
bent In this direction. He was no fool
even if he did- make the mistake of
laughing at his younger brother.
Henry put off filling ©at the entry
blanks until tomorrow. "Tomorrow"
somehow didn't leave any time, -nor did
the day-efterv but the hot early sum
mer sun that shone on Henry's "to
morrow". wa» working bard. . It melted
the deep snows on the mountain range
just , visible miles away across— the
prairie.
The Williams farm stood. on a piece
of high 'jground forming a. bluff. The
river wound around the base, inclosing
the farm on three sides., '.The fourth
side was the meadow that Frank called
.the aerodrome, when his deep problems
in aerial navigation were being solved.
Now the Prairie river took its rise in
the distant mountains, and when about
a week later the result of the sun's hot
work began to be apparent the river
pra'dcally rose from a sprawling, shal
low prairie stream into a deep,, swift
THE GAME OF NEWS PAPER DARTS
HOW TO MAKE AND PLAY IT
-TAKE as many darts -j»»^therejf ire/
I players and .make on'ejtgooj! '^bed
wreath," then begin Abe gaei* t 2 B3r ns
up the wreath where there 1 ": trill be
plenty of space in front ab^oi*^ of
it. and let each playerTln tuj^^teavor
to throw his dart throu&h^«he*wreath.
Every time a dart passes thro ugh". "the
player scores 10. Fifty is the; game
and Ihe first girl or boy whose score
counts SO is the victor and is champion
of the. newspaper 'game.
To make the darts cut 1% inch .'wide
strips, rrosswlse - a f rom an unfolded
pheet ,of \u25a0 the newspaper, which will
Five you k .etrip. about 32. inches r Iong." :
Begin at; one corner (Fig.'l) a-nd roll
Henry Screamed Warning as the Glider
Swooped Dangerously Close to the
Water m
running torrent that began 'to encroach
on the farm. Nobody paid much atten
' tlon to it, though, as the summer
freshet was a j'early affair, The river
usually kept within its banks and be
yond the overflow of a field or two
rarely .did any- damage. And .Frank
worked away, caring little what the
river did.
"How to construct a glider." is a sub
ject on which a" great deal has been
written. 1 am going to give a brief ac
count of how Frank built his, so if you
are familiar with it just skip the next
few paragraphs.
The only difference between a glider
and a regular aeroplane is that the
glider has no motors . and coasts
through the air propelled by gravity.
It can never rise higher than from its
starting point. This is usually, from
the top of some hilt, the objective point
being the bottom of the hill, etc. ;
Frank's glider was the "two surface"
kind, his cloth planes being one above
the other. First he drew- his plans,
carefully figuring out the - amount of
plane surface to support his 115 pounds
of weight. This b»: crrived at by means
of a weight scale tab'e supplied by the
Aero club.
His calculations resulted in the prep
aration of the following pieces. These
Frank cut from a spruce plank In the
farm carpenter she-a: v* A^
Four strips five-eighths of an «lnch
thick, one Inch wide, 16 feet long; 12
cross stays half. an inch thick, one and
a quarter inches wide, two feet six
inches long: 12 upright supporters half
an inch tbick, one and a quarter inches
wide, three feet long; 33 strips for bent
ribs three-sixteenths of an inch thick,
half an Inch \u25a0wide, three fcjt thre*.
Indies long; two arm. sticks one inch
thick, one and three-quarter inches
wide and two" feet eight inches long;
two '"rudder sticks five-eighths of:*an
inch square and *ix feet long; several
strips one-half by thi«e-fourths of an
inch for building horizontal a;<.d ver
tical rudders
Frank might be said to have laid the
keel of the White Eagle, as he named
his airship, when he laid out the two
long bottom frames for the lower plane
surface and bolted the cross stays to
them, as shown In figure 1 of diagram.
the paper ? strip spirally Into -a. thick
round v , stick- or - large 'sized' paper.;
lighter' (Fig. 2). "Bend the -bottom -end;
down; twice3.tO;keep;lt'from unrolling-.*;*
'The darts' should be f about: 24 .'inches,
long, and average ; three-quarters of f&p: :
Inch- In diameter. : . ; Wrap' a -good sized
wire nail.in, paper and insertiit;ln:.the'
- dart at; the';open;end;A. (Fig. ;2).- as a
* welght-Vr Make: the hoop of two :
" darts cut from the?gay'colored:supple-
''ment; f join them*, together into; a long-.
stick "by .' r'unhingl" the ; smaller^end^ of i
one dart into~ the. open end of the other.-;
Figure' 3, gives : the f idea*: point- B<
" must ibe pushed < into « theYopen? end 'C;t
then before lturning:the,l6hg^6tick r into,
a wreath hoop pinch ' the sides -together.,
with .the thumb: and first finger 'of the
>\u25a0 '\u25a0?: \u25a0:! I' --iX-'/^j-- \u25a0:;.r.; : -^ - *.-. '-'?>- : ."- : ' --*?„ ' :
Tlie San Fraiieisco Call. Saturda^ August Ty 1909.— -The' Junior Call
Then he nailed on the ribs/ as shown on
the lower plane. There were 16 ribs.
The ribs were one foot apart with the
exception of a two foot \u25a0 space in the
middle. This space was taken up by
the two arm sticks and the body space,
as shown in figure 1. On the upper
plane there was no hold for body. He
used one-eighth inch bolts, with wash
ers at *I>oth ends for the crosspieces.
His wiring was Xo. IS piano wire, and
each crosspiece was braced by. the di
agonal,-as shown in -figure. 4.' The ribs
were nailed on with flat headed brads
seven-eighths of an inch long. They
extended nine inches beyond the rear
edges pf the main frame, as shown in
figure 1. They were arched' by bowing
the loose end and then nailing to the
rear beam. \u25a0 Each rib was then curved
the same as shown in figure 2.
Having constructed the skeleton
framework, as shown in figure 5, Frank
covered the surface by tacking cam
bric first to the front edge, then
stretching it lightly over the bent ribs
and tacking it securely to the rear ends
of the ribs. He took the further safety
precaution to -glue the cloth to all the
-ribs and frames. He left the opening
in the center of the lower plane surface
as shown in figure 1 for the operator's
body. \u25a0 /
He was now ready to assemble the
two planes. He placed the two sur
faces three feet six inches apart and
connected them .with his 12 upright
support strips, placing one at right
angle to a crosspiece. He bolted the
uprights into place as in figure 2. . Then
he. braced the planes with the wiring
as shown in figure 4.
Frank next made the vertical rud
der. This rudder is fixed and immov
able. Its duty is. to keep the glider
heading into the wind. He stretched
cambric over a wooden frame, which
he nailed to the. ends of the long' rud
der sticks fastened to the rear, of the
glider. Then lie made the horizontal
rudder (also immovable) of cloth over
a wood framework, fastening it so it
intersected the vertical rudder in (\ie
middle. Guy wires and diagonal wires
kept -it in place, as shown in figures 1
and 4. The duty of the horizontal wire
was to hold the glider steady and pre
vent its dipping. : .
LINA BEARD
right hand/ making, the wreath flat
at =D. Figure 4. While holding - the
wreath -.with - i the thumb., and - first
linger of the: right i 'hand pinch *lt close
to; and i-Smmed lately^: above the "\u25a0'right
hand -.with- the v left ..thumb! and ifore
; finger.* at, E,- Figure 4.%* This [time , flat
ten* ; the^sides^opposite?. to f thoset held, *by
the :. . right hand; ; . Remove*' the ; '.. right
:hand;- and," still with -,th6"t lef^
•place the'; right .'thumb .;a'nd*foreßnger
"and; give" a;;third}pinch
• to \u25a0 the; wreath; ; continue v pinching £ the
sides this; way and""; that. \u25a0'alternately
the .* en tlre r v wreath :' has "f passed
-; through'' the;. flngers."''. .v. v ; '. ; y'S'l
i" Pin : the two > loose' ends * togethef^and
you "will, have a: wreath* some -40. 'inches
In circumference'- like '.\ Figure 'Jsi- r - -'.Let
The rudder sticUs upon which these;
rudders are built are bolted firmly to
the main strips at middle of . rear of
spot shown in figures 1 and 4.
The above is a description, from
which any boy with" a knack for me
chanics can build a similar glider.
Maybe Frank wasn't proud of it the
night it was done! He had no thought
of any other topic or perhaps he would
have noticed the unusual gravity, that
overspread his father's face as the
week passed. The fact was. the Prairie
river was rising' to; an -unheard of
depth. Previous "high water marks" >
on the, banks had disappeared in the
swirling flood that hemmed in the farm
on three sides.; ',- . . i
Mr. Williams had reason vto \ look
grave as he surveyed -the surrounding
country, some ,nights' later ; from his
housetop. But Frank had gone to bed.
only happily conscious of having built
a real flying machine at last. .
The ofllcial trial trip was to be held
tomorrow in the "aerodrome* in the
presence of all his friends. It would
be a great day for Frank, for he was
Bvr« of success." In the week .it had
the dartjp be without color, merely, the
black and. white print, but make., the
wreath of the brightest pages and you
will have*- a fine, attractive newspaper
same which all boys ; and girls can
make and enjoy out in the open.
Bruce to His Army
Scots, whahae wi' Wallace bled.
Scots, wham Bruce has often led,
Welcome to your gory bed,.
Or to victory!*
Now'j> the day, and now's the hour,
See the front of battle lower;
See approach proud Edward's power,
Chains and slavery!
Wha, will-be a traitor knave?
Wha can* fill a coward.'s grave?
Wha sac base as be a slave? V ,
Let him turn and flee! .^
Wha for Scotland's Ring and law • \u0084
Freedom's sword would strongly draw.
Freeman stand or freeman ; fa", .-
Let him follow me!
By oppression's woes and- pains,
By, your sons in servile chains, 1
Wewill drain our. dearest veins.
> .But they shall be free!
I^ay \u25a0. the j proud usurper, low ! |
Tyrants fall in "every/foe! M
Liberty's -In every blow! ' '.
Let us do or dee!
\u25a0—Robert Burn
Rules for Combining Color
"A few; "artists'. ; rules for ,; combining
colors ' will " save many a luckless?ex
periment in dress,: house furnishings
and .; needlework. ; -- . ; V. .
| Cold c green? contrasts -With' crimson,'
purple, >whlte,' pink," gold ;and orange;
harmonizes -,with olive, . citron, v brown,
black • and ; gray.; ' *i;
-.Warm.; green ; contrasts with ,crimsonj
maroon, red.) pink, \white,' black "and
lavender; .harmonizes; with yellow, i or
ange, sky blue, gray, white, brown and
buff. : "i .;\u25a0:> \u0084;.-\u25a0' : -" ; V .\u25a0..'.. ;'-'\u25a0\u25a0 ; : ;>-.. ; ,"". ;
Orange conti"asts with, purple, blues, '
black, "olive, crimson - and gray; V har£;
monizes withTyellow.'jfed, vwarm green,
brown, white 'and buff. -'• " r -. ; '.; ! "
.' Russet ; contrasts witli greeni .- black,
ollverrftnd ."• gray; \ contrasts*. with i .'red,
yellow,':orangQ;.;and-bro~wn.; \u0084 ;.r. -
: ; Oli ve -^ contrasts .:\u25a0 with ,: ; orange, ;; ; red,
white and .m aroon; " harmonizes 'z with
green, blue,-, black and brown. ~
Steel
',!\u25a0;» The' News-Times .writes ifof ;a young,
Inventor'S'Shrewd foresight^ of -his ?fu-^
ture. j, Bessemer was : a'poor,'young man,
possessed "with : the v idea * that -;' steel
could be made by a better process. : /He
had ' lately entered I ' into I :the;"bbl|grations
of : matrimony 'and 'had ' no.; money 1- to
experiment h on ;a^ large ; scale.^but'i he
persisted '-;. with ;what * means ihe > had ) at
hand. At < I/ist •• came i the • mo-j
Tment' (when, after blowing air; through':
•^melted Irdn, he * found Un;t the -bottom
\u25a0 of the crucible a". little?lump jof ; thel f a
:"mous> steel. ;He had-; just -half »a . 'crown
\u25a0 ;,to-hla;naTne,: but- he; spent' lt mi having.
;vj the -hhiventlonV* registered.^ though^ he ;
." ', "could not; haveidreamed .of 'the fortunes'
. . that v wer'e:':toCbe\built'/-up on' his >dis~
• . covery. JHe . then ,went with * the lump
; .of metal * toyCasmyth 'of -steel 'hammer.
;vfame; and.*: laying- It^ on ,; his desk, .said
vj thatl the'-'bi t r of I steel i would \ revolution-",
i^ize;4he 'whole f metal tWorld-t^Nasmyth's
i \u25a0 first question ito^ the excited \u25a0young in
• venter ~ was. "i-"But : you ;. should! not be
[^ showing^ this. '.-around y~io i\l everybody.
i.\ You'rriustYpatent'it.'!/ -- ' \u25a0";;\u25a0; :'i-'^yZy'~'
i : And« then Jthe^youngl; man '^quietly'
('. assured n him. that !he; had "already (taken:
; thai precaution. 1
completed' he had fairly learned
how to control the glider in his many
secret trials conducted alone .on .the
meadow hill. He had nearly wrecked
it twice and was_ a mass of bruises,
but was so exultant over his success
he didn't mind them. But, whew! he
'was tired.
The next thing Frank' knew his
father stood over him holding a lighted
lantern.
"Wake up, son, if you want to save
your airship. The balloon shed will be
flooded in about half _ an: hour at the
' rate the i water's rising!" he cried with
a grim laugh.: Frank, startled and
frightened, sprang Into his clothe*.
rushed downstairs and, taking the lan
tern, ran out into the darkness.'. The
, moonlight showed him that .the* whole
"aerodrome" was a lake. He tore down
the^path, struckUhe edge of the "aero
dome" and finished | his journey ankle
deep in the water, which, had crept up
until it covered the shed floor.
Fortunately the White Eagle was
suspended from the ceiling, so he found
it undamaged. He swung the light
fabric .: over his shoulder and rushed
out of the shed to splash his Way back
to the house. The glider was saved.
No member of the Williams family
slept _that^ night True/there was no
damage to the house, as it was too
far above the flood, but: the trembling
waters still rose and gradually covered
the;broad acres of farming land until
dawn broke to show, a strange sight.
i "Why, we're on an. island!" \u25a0 cried
Frank, looking out. Sure: enough, the
fourth, or land, side back of «the house
had become a broad lake, which glit
tered in the rising sun. j|
WHAT
:; : :Tv A J_L_C"-L:_L
WOULD YOU LIKE?
FILL OUT THE BLANK F?!^ ¥"* T? THE ARTICLE YOU
BELOW AND SECURE J* iw -T-B- HAVE WISHED FOR
[:7- : " : :: '* ." -
Junior Call's Certificate Contest
Which is not a Chance Game nor a Voting Contest.
:- • "" : ''\u25a0\u25a0:•\u25a0'-" ' ' '" - - ; '
_____ _______________ . — - _ __ _ . .. .. .-. . ...
-. \u25a0 \u25a0 ,
Junior Contest Dept
:; San Francisco Call: ;
| ; I would like to get a. . . . . . . .-. . : . . J •'. > '-. : . \u25a0.'.'. v ". ). . . .....;
ICindly send medetaile^
: I am.to pursue .to > obtain this article.
Name . . . . . . : . . . . .'vdiSfifeßMMWßH^ .-. II ~ *•\u25a0'
;.......^...^^1....... ....^.r;/.^;v;.. ..., 11
.Frank looked in vain for the balloon
shed. After.some difficulty, he^discov
ered the peaked roof just sticking out
above the turbid waters.
"1 guess I'll have- to. conduct my as
censions from the water, like Count Zep
pelin." he remarked to Henry, -who stood
by his side. No answer from Henry.
"What's the matter. Hank?" asked
Frank, noticing Henry's silence and
generally glum look.
"Frank. I'm the . biggest chump on
this island!" exclaimed Henry, savagely,
"and it's joist what I deserve for putting
off things. If I don't mall that exam
ination entry blank today it'll be too
late to enter the competition. Our row
boats have been swept off by the flood.
I'll have to build a raft and try to get
over that way. It's my only chance."
So all the rest of the morning Henry
and his fathor built the raft. Frank
tried f.o offer some practical hints on
. the subject, but Henry, being made ir
ritable by worry, rudely told him to
shut up and not butt in. Frank retired
in high wrath, only to be ruffled up
again when he magnanimously volun
teered bis services to. man the raft.
. Henry laughed at him. ' He didn't want
any "kids'* getting in the way.
The raft was carried to A spot where
the river was very narrow. In Frank's
judgment Henry ; would have stood a
I better chance if he had. set out across
the flooded meadow lands at the back
of the house* where there tras no cur
rent. But Henry was in a hurry, and
proved the old motto over again, "Haste
makes waste."
The frail craft struck a snag In mid
stream, went to pieces' and Henry went
ashore — the same shore he started from
— utterly exhausted from his swim
. against the strong current. Even at
that he« would have probably lost his
life if "Mr. Williams and two of the
hired men hadn't jumped in and fished
him out.
The examination entry blanks were
still to be mailed.
Frank gazed sadly at .the damp papers
lying on the parlor table. All his anger
against Henry had evaporated. He
realized how much it meant to Henry
that the papers be mailed. How could
it be, doiw?
He could not tell how long he stared
- at the papers, but as he looked the idea
-came and it took his breath away. Dare
he do It?
The next minute saw Frank out of
the house and making, his way up the
'bluff that jutted on the'swollen river.
The bluff was the highest part of the
bank and standing about 100 feet high.
The river below -was at its narrowest,
' ; deepest and swiftest,' being not more
than ISO feet -wide. A gently sloping
bank lined the opposite side.
\u25a0 Frank 'stood there debating- as he
measured- the distance, then noted the
direction of the wind.;A steady breeze
was blowing across the river from just
thejright quarter. Finally he gritted
.his teeth and argued to himself: "What's
the difference? I know the White Kasrle
will do it: Didn't I glide more than 200
feet yesterday? I could have gone
double that! This is only a couple of
-hundred, with the wind just right. Even
if I do fail I am a better swimmer than
Henry, and I ain't afraid of the old
river. No. sir.' It's my. fluty to help poor'
Hank out, and I'm going to do it!"
And the young aviator marched
firmly back to the house. He entered
the parlor, quietly pocketed the papers,
then went out to completely overbad!
the White Eagle In the barn. No aero
naut ever gave a more thorough ex
amination than did Frank. He tested
•very rib. frame, wire and bolt, but
he was mighty quiet as to what he in
tended to do. He knew hlr father never*
would let: him/. attempt such a thing,
yet he felt perfectly justified in try-
Ing because his conscience told him it
was hl 3 duty to aid his brother. Henry
might never get another such chance
again. Frank never thought of weigh
ing the risk he ran.
H« carried the glider up to the bluff,
being careful to wait until he could
do so unnoticed.
Frank will never forget that tunny
morning In early summer. He hardly
dared to look Into the river below. His
face was as white as the cambric
planes as fae gob into the space be
tween the armsticks. When the arm
sticks were under his resting arms h*
slowly turned the gilder toward th»
edge of the .bluff, took a couple of
steps forward, then stopped, shaking
so that he made the glider tremble alt
over. He btfgan to lose his nerve -when
he heard a shout.
It -was Henrys voice, commanding
him to stop. "If it had been his father's
he might have obeyed — but Henry acted
like a tonic on hia oozing courage.
Frank started up again and ran half
a doian steps. Henry tzvr him leap
into the air and then the pantinsr
brother arrived just too late on tha
very spot that' Frank had occupied. * ,
Henry could hardly believe his eyes
as he watched his Intrepid younsf
brother shoot out from the edge of th«
bluff at a tremendous speed. H» ex
pected every instant to see him drop
like a stone into the boiling current
below, hut Frank sailed half way acros «
without dropping 10 feet.
Then the astonished spectator saw
him tilt the position of his body back
ward, which had the effect of chang
ing the glider's^ course to a. sweeping
downward curve. Bat Frank miscal
culated the proper distribution of hi*
weight- Henry screamed a warning
as the glider swooped dangerously close
to the water. Frank, however, tilted
his body forward in the nick of tim»
and the glider Heir on at a level court*
about 10 feet above the river. .Fifty
feet. 40. then 20 fe«t from safety on"
the opposite bank. Henry was norrified
to see the machine begin to wobble
violently and half capsize, almost pitch-
Ing out Frank. Henry didn't know it.
but Frank's craft had be*n struck by
what aviators call a "pulse of wind."
Frank lost his balance, then the Whita
Eagle plunged downward until Frank's
feet touched the water. Only a f- w
yards separated them from tbe shore. -
Could Frank keep above water? H*
made one last effort to right th« craft
and in this was aided by the wind,
which suddenly steadied.
The White Eagle rushed on. Frank's
legs dragging In the water. As shore
approached Frank endeavored to>
swerve the machine to avoid running
into a tree tnat grew on the bank, bu;
too late. The White Eagle struck the
tree full on and fell a tangled heap on
the water's edge, burying Frank un
derneath.
It seemed an age to his frantio
brother before Frank crawled out from
under the wreck. He limped some, but
yetled a reassuring message over to
Henry, v whose first' Impulse was tr
scold Frank for hi» foolhardines*.
"What on earth did you ever do
such a crazy thing for?" shouted
Henry. , .
Frank pulled out the entry blanks.
"Oh, I just though I'd mail a letter
for you»*fHank. Tou tried hard * this
morning-, and I didn't want to see you
slip up on your chance. That's why I
made the glide."
i Henry almost fell down .when h«n
realized what Frank had done for himj
and he tried hard to say what he felt,
but Frank only waved his band an<!
started 'to limp off to the postofficf
with a sprained ankle.
It was a long, painful hobble, buf
it would have taken more than a
sprained ankle to have lowered Frank'»
spirits. He had saved Henry's chances
for him and realized bis own ambition
at last. He could really fly.
Henry Williams is now a member
of the museum staff. He was one of
the lucky six highest who successfully
passed .. the examination. He haa
learned' many things already, but one
of the greatest is not to laugh at
tnings you don't understand, especial
ly **kid brothers." Henry's superiors
say he has a very promising career
before him. but no one realizes any
clearer than he that his chance was
solely due to Frank's great glide.
3