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E E O E A 8* IS 4 Volume 58 s.m €4, ,W, A 4 II *fl AIMS BLOW AT CHICAGO PACK ING FIRMS AND TELLS OF INVESTIGATION 3 MESSAGE TO CONGRESS i*V f~ *1 .*1 V.i-.', 1 "W* •'. Report of Commissioners Appointed to Observe Conditions at the Chicago 'S* JcP 5* PRESIDENT GALLS FOR Stock Yards Arraigns Packers for Lax System and Suggests Remedy Through Law. Washington, D. C„ June 4.— When the speaker laid before the house today/ President Roose velt's message and the summary of the investigation made by Neill and Reynolds on the meth ods of the beef packers, great In terest was displayed by the mem bers in the message. Its reading was closely followed and at its conclusion there was a show of applause which was In stantly checked by the speaker referring the document and ac companying papers to the commit tee on agriculture. Washington, D. C., June 4.—As tounded at the revelations made by the commissioners who have investigated the condition of affairs at the Chicago Btock yards, President Roosevelt, in a message transmitted to congress today, recommends the enactment of strict laws to enforce the rules of cleanliness and sanitation in these and all slrpilar institutions. His message follows: "To the Senate and House of Repre ii' sentatives: 'T-ttansihft herewith the report of ,mea Bronsen Reynolds', and Commls loner Charles P. Neill, the special committee whom I appointed to Inves tigate into conditions in the stock yards at Chicago and to report thereon te me. *4" Need of Action This report is of a preliminary na jre. I submit it to you now because shows the urgent need of immediate iction by confess in the direction of iroviding a drastic and thorough-going nspection by the federal government all the stock yards and packing ouses and of their products, so far as ne latter enter into Interstate or for ign commerce. Calls Conditions Revolting. "The conditidns shown by even this ihort inspection to exist in the Chicago ftock yards are revolting. "It is imperatively necessary in the iterest of decency that they should be STRICT LEGISLATION TTrrlftr thft ATlfitfnfif dically changed. Under the existing it is wholly impossible to secure Msfactory results. I urge the imme (te enactment into law of a provi which will enable the department igriculture adequately to inspect the at and meat food products entering interstate commerce and to super 3e the methods of preparing the ime, and to prescribe sanitary condi ons under which the work shall be erformed. I therefore commend to our favorable consideration and urge ie enactment of substantially the pro sions of the senate amendment com only known as the Beverldge amend lent. "Theodore Roosevelt." The committee's report says: "Two nd one-half months were spent in the 'estigation in Chicago. Absence of ianllness was found everywhere In ndling the meat being prepared for J!| various meat food products. No Regard For Cleanliness. "Parts that are sent from the cooling ,om to the departments where the 'arlous forms of meat products are prepared are handled with no regard whatever for cleanliness. The work S&ers climb over heaps of meat, select slipieces they wish, and frequently throw f|| them down upon the dirty floor beside ®Jtheir bench." Defect in Inspection Plan. The report says the radical defect "in the inspection system is that it is confined at present by the law to pass ig on the healthfullness of animals at he time of killing, but the meat that ill used in sausage and various forms canned products and other prepared leat foods goes through many pro cesses in all of which there is a possi bility of contamination through un sanitary handling and further danger Js through the use of chemicals. During all these processes there is no govern |f ment inspection, although these pro ducts, when sent out, bear a label stat jng that they have been passed upon by government inspectors. Unsanitary Buildings. The report arraigns the sanitary ^'provisions in the buildings as abomin J'able and says men and women plunge y-their unwashed hands into meat to be •^converted into food products. The re import says the burden of protecting the /cleanliness, and wholesomeness of pro i! lucts and the health workers and of mproving the conditions must fall up )n the national government. "The department superintendents seem to ignore' all consideration ex- (Continued on Paare 8.1 $ itm N- fe BALLOON JOURNEYS" p\" A. P. GORMAN IS NO MORE FORMER LEADER OF DEMOCRACY IN THE SENATE PAS3ES AWAY Washington, D. C., June 4.—Senator Arthur P. Gorman of Maryland died here today. The senator died at about 9:30 a. m. The end came suddenly as he had been improving lately. Heart trouble was the cause. Ill for Five Months. Senator Gorman's illness extended over a period of five months. He had not leftshis house since January 16. He suffered, in addition to heart affec tion, with more or less stomach trou ble. The senator leaves a widow and six children. The Senate Adjourns. The senate adjourned today imme dlately upon receiving the announce ment of Senator Gorman's death. No business whatever was transacted, ex cept the passing of a resolution ex' pressing regret at the death of Mr. Gorman. REVOLUTION FAIL8 $ Attempts of Rebate. to Defeat Quate malan Government Fall Flat. Washington, June 4.—The Guate malan minister here .today received a cablegram from Minister of Foreign Affairs 'Barrios, stating that the revo lutionary movement across Salvador boundary had" met with utter defeat. The Guatemalan troops met the revo lutionary party at Asuncion and Mita and defeated them completely. The government forces, the cablegram says, have been triumphant all along the line and have not met the slight est reverse anywhere. INJURED IN WRECK. Young Men Have Legs Crushed While Stealing Ride on Train. Burlington, June 4.—(Special)—Roy Spence of Fairfield and Charles Samp son of Mt Pleasant, while stealing 9 ride on a Burlington freight train, each had his right leg crushed in a small wreck near this city this morn ing. Spence will lose his leg. MAY BE FRATRACIDE. Brothers Engage in Fight Over Jug of Wine—One Injured. Burlington, June 4.—(Special)—Dan and Neil Robinson, two brothers, en gaged in a quarrel over a jug of wine Sunday evening. The former shot Neil in the stomach. He may not re cover. Dan is In jail awaiting the out come of his brother's Injuries. DUNKARDS IN CONVENTION German Baptist Church of America Holds Annual Convention. Dayton, O., June 4.—The yearly con vention of the old German Baptist church of America, commonly called "Dunkards," opened for a week's ses sion today at Englewood, near this city. It is estimated there are 16,000 delegates and visitors present. REECE LEAVES WASHINGTON T* B\ Austrian Who Vienna FIT „ci xv&° -ines Down. Dieppe, France, June 4.—The balloon of Baron Korwin, chief of the Austrian military balloon de partraent, which left London Sat urday night in an attempt to reach Vienna, descended here at 1 .• o'clock Sunday morning, i'fr 11t%-A*c\ ni«s in Ottumwan Departs for Home Response to Message. Washington, D. C., June 4.—(Spe cial)—W. M. Reece of Ottumwa, clerk to Congressman Lacey's committee, departed for his home last night in response to a message that his wife is very ill. THOUSANDS OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS ASSEMBLE AT BOSTON Boston, Mass., June 4.—Several thousand physicians and surgeons from various quarters of the United States and abroad were here today to attend the opening meetings of the an nual convention of the American Med ical association, as well as the annual meetings of other medical and surgi cal associations which will be held here this vieek. The first general meeting of tae medical association will come toimorrow. *#2* Ssfef &J8j. OTTCMWAN KIDNAPED A. M. BOYCE IS DRUGGED AND LEFT FOR DEAD BY THE ROAD SIDE, SON IS ALSO MISSING Disappearance of Younger Man from Kansas Home May Have Connec tion With Attack on Father—Latter Was Taken from His Home Friday Night Awoke Near Bloomfleld From Monday's Daily. Kidnaped in the early part of the ev ening from in front of his own home and driven through the streets of Ot tumwa and on nearly to Bloomfleld, where he was left for dead, was the terrible experience of A. M. Boyce, an elderly and well known real estate man of this city. He was taken away Friday night by two strangers and not until Sunday morning did he recover sufficiently to tell the story of his re markable adventure. When seen this morning by a repre sentative of the Courier Mr. Boyce was in a very serious condition and was not able to talk about his weird experi ence. Mrs. Boyce, however, told his story as he had told it to memberB of his family again and again. According to Mrs. Boyce the story Is a most remarkable one and reads more like a page of fiction than like the true hiBtory of an event occurring in this twentieth century in a well po liced city. Was Looking For a House. Friday evening about 7 o'clock Mr. Boyce left his home in the Central block on Church street, and went to the Neft grocery store in the same building. A-man drove up in a spring wagon and stopped in front of the store. This man is described as being short and heavy set and having a red or sandy mustache." He. approached Mr. Boyce and asked nim if lie had a house to rent. Aa Me. Boyc« is a real estaate agent this question seemed p^ fectly natural and so did the requefst that.followedlt. Mr. Boyce stated that he had a house on Ferry street, and then the Stranger asked him to get into the wagon and go over and look at it. As soon as Boyce was: in the wagon the man drove oft down Church street to Ward street, where he turned south. Mr. Boyce remonstrated, saying that he was going the wrong way. But the stranger said that he had a friend whose wife wanted to see the house and he was going after her. This also seemed plausible to the Ottumwa man. Turning down Wilson street, they drove to the outskirts of the city where the houses are very few. At this place there was a man standing and he said, "Here I am." The buggy stopped and the man got in. DOCTORSMEET MORETRAGEDY Mr. Boyce Becomes Alarmed. However, when the wagon was not turned around in the proper direction, after having taken on the second pas senger, Mr. Boyce became alarmed and ordered his captors, as he now per ceived them to be, to return with him or at least to let bun out. Drawing a revolver, one of the strangers refused to release him and ordered him to keep quiet. Very soon they presented what ap peared to be a two ounce vial filled with a brown or reddish liquid and or dered Mr. Boyce to drink it. This he did, when threatened with the revol ver. Loses Consciousness. Soon after taking the drink Mr. Boyce began to lose consciousness and was placed in the bed of the wagon and covered with a quilt That is the last he remembers until he waB thrown from the wagon at a spot on Fox creek, about a mile or more north of Bloomfleld. There the shock of the fall produced a glimmering of con sciousness and he heard his captors talking. One of them said: "We have finished the contract according to the letter." Mr. Boyce lay where he was thrown all the remainder of the night and did not fully recover consciousness until Saturday morning. It is Mrs. Boyce's opinion that his captors thought him dead when they threw him from the wagon. The bruises which cover his back bear witness to MB rough treatment. (Continued on Page 6.) MORALES, CHIEF OFx SPANISH CONSPIRATORS, KILLS .SELF WHEN CAPTURED. Madrid, June 4.—The capture and suicide Saturday night at Torrejon de Ardes of Manuel Morales, the chief suspect in the bomb outrage against King Alfonso and Queen Victoria, adds another dramatic chapter to the inci dents surrounding the royal wedding. Morales was recognized by a guard who sought to detain him, but Morales drew a revolver and killed the guard. (Continued on Paee 5J -4 OTTTJMWA, WAPELLO COUNTY", IOWA, TUESDAY, JUNE 5, 1906 JUNTA AT ST. LOUIS? REVOLUTIONARY HEADQUAR TERS OF MEXICAN TROUBLE MAKERS .4 MISSOURI? RIOTEES ARE EXECUTED Report from Dougals, Ariz, Says Col. Kosterlltzky Has Caused the Death of the Leaders of the Cananea Trouble*—Mexicans Blame Ameri cans. El Paso, Texas, June 4.—Re newed trouble broke out at Cana nea last night'between the strik ing Mexicans of Greene's mines and rurales under Col. Koster lltzky. Five rioters were killed and thirteen were injured. One of the rurales was Blightly in jured. The trouble broke out shortly before the arrival of 200 Mexican soldiers from Hermoslllo. All the American women in the town and many women of the higher class of Mexicans are quar tered in the home of Colonel Greene, .which 1b under guard. Washington, D. C., June 4.—Ambas sador Thompson, American represen tative in Mexico, has telegraphed the state department in answer to instruc tions relative to the Cananea disturb ances, that the outbreak there was revolutionary in character and was fomented from headquarters at St, Louis, Mo. Rioters Are Executed? Dougals, Ariz., June 4.*—It is report ed here that the leaders of the Cana nea riots were executed yesterday morning by Colonel Kosterlltzky. The rioters were lined up in front of a stone wall arid killed by a volley from the rifles of the rurales. Report Is Denied. Dougate, Ariz., June 4.—A telephone message direct frtjm the office of Col onel Greene in Cananea, denies the re ports that the ring leaders In the riot were executed by Colonel Kosterlin sky, and that Governor Ysabel had been placed under arrest for having brought American volunteers, across the boundary. So far as known only three Ameri cans and sixteen Mexicans have been killed. There was no disorder yester day or last night and the situation to day is peaceful. Mexicans Blame Americans. City of Mexico, June 4.—That more Mexicans were killed and wounded than Americans In the riots at Can anea is thought here to show that the latter were possibly the aggressors. A statement made by Luis E. Tor res, commander of the military zone in Sonora, indicates that the Americans opened flre on the strikers in the lum ber yard at the mines which provoked the stoning that resulted in the death of the brothers Metcalf. Then as re ported, Americans in automobiles and (Continued on Page 5.) BURTON QUITS KANSA8 SENATOR, IN DI8GRACE, GIVES UP HIS HIGH OFFICE Topeka, Kan., June 4.—Senator J. Ralph Burton resigned from the sen ate. He sent his resignation to Gov ernor Hoch this morning following a conference with several of his close friends. No Hint As to Successor. Soon after receiving Burton's resig nation, Governor H6ch Bent a telegram to Vice President Fairbanks, notifying him as presiding officer of the senate of Burton's resignation and its accept ance. The governor declined to make any statement as to the appointment of Burton's successor. IOWAN8 GOOD 8TUDENTS. Get Honorable Mention In Exercises at National Law School. Washington, D. C., June *4.—(Spe cial)—At the conferring of degrees at the National Law school Saturday ni ~ht Frank H. Baltimore and Clyde F. Clark of Iowa received honorable men tion and each nearly won important medals for scholarship. SPRECKLE'S DAUGHTER WEDS. Mrs. Emma Watson Becomes Wife of John W. Ferrts In New York. New York, .Tune 4.—Mrs. Emma Wat son, daughter of Claus Spreckels. was married to John W. Ferris of San Fran cisco at noon Saturday at the Church of the Transfiguration. In this city. It was originallv intended to have the ceremony in San Francisco, but the de struction of Claus Spreckels' home dur ing the recent disaster made this 1m Dossible. #MRiM|l 1»J,'JIII|H')||"|H^IH)^II tip WSW t«UT"W ^nrriTv^ 'in**1 SEARING THE CLOSE COMPARISON OF STRENGTH Total Number of Antl-Cummtns Dele gates Thus Far Chosen 774, Forty seven Leas Than Number Necessary to Nominate—Perkins Win# In Mus catine County.' Des Moines, June 4.—(Special)—Per kins won a victory in Muscatine coun ty Saturday. Twelve precincts outside the city of Muscatine held their cau cuses Saturday and selected 102 dele gates to the county convention, of which number all of them were stand patters. This leaves but fourteen more to be selected outside of the city and 106 in the city precincts. The unan imity with which the caucuses went for Perkins is but an index of what may be expected at the final caucuses on Tuesday. It was supposed that .if Cummins made any showing at all in the county it would be at West Liberty, but there he got but twenty-six votes to 174 for Perkins. In addition to this the repub licans of that preolnct took a shot at the third term candidate in the follow ing resolution, which was adopted at the caucus: "Resolved, That we adhere to the principles of the republican party and will support any man for governor who will carry out these principles, but we see nothing in the situation demanding a departure from the time-honored custom of two terms for a governor of this state." The victory in Muscatine adds twen ty-one more votes to the antl-Cum mins column. At Perkins headquarters it is claimed that, by carrying Musca tine county the Btandpattera. have se cured the control of the second dis trict and governor Cummins has lost sixty-one. delegates Jrom the number that he had in the district in 1901. More than that, it is claimed at Per kins' headquarters that by securing a majority of the delegates from the dis trict, the Btandpatters now having seventy-one assured out of one hun dred and twenty-seven in the district, the anti-Cummins people gained the following important advantages: They gained control of six out of eleven congressional districts, which will give them— The majority in the state central committee. The majority in the committee on credentials at the state convention. The majority in the committee on or ganization in the state convention. The majority in the committee on resolutions in the state convention. These are some of the very import ant advantages which the result in Muscatine county has given to the standpatters. The districts which have thus far come into the control of the anti-Cum mins people are the First, the Second, the Fifth, the Sixth and the Eighth and Ninth. A Comparison of Strength. The comparative strength of the three candidates for the nomination up to date is shown in the following ta ble: i?'' N 4.v v"* *s5iii.4®," fr-" IN GUBERNATORIAL RACE TO DATE CUMMINS SECOND BEST Cum- Per- Rath- Counties. mins. kins. bun. •Adair Adams ........ Appanoose •Audubon Benton Boone 20 Bremer Buena Vista 18 Butler .. 18 10 19 10 Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo 17 dalhoun Clarke Clay Clayton Clinton Cherokee .... Chickasaw .... Crawford Davis Decatur Delaware (a) .. Des Moines (a) Dickinson 19 11 15 16 14 IS 10 12 18 27 18 11 7 10 18 15 23 8 (Continued on Page 5.) Philadelphia, Pa., June 4.—A. J. Cassatt, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad company, arrived home at Haverford, a suburb, from Europe Sunday, Last evening he gave to the Associated Press the following state ment: Mr. Cassatt said he had returned home to take part in the investigation by the board of directors of the Penn sylvania Railroad company into the matters that had been disclosed dur ing his absence before the interstate commerce commission. He had re ceived only brief cable reports and knew nothing of the details of the charges against certain officials of the acceptance of bribes from coal opera tors. The board would investigate all Jf§: -fill. t«Y -•to* V» DR. MAXWELL DEAD. Well Known Keokuk Man, Former Golf Champion, Passes Away. EXPOUNDS THE DOCTRINE OF TRUE REPUBLICANISM Keokuk, June 4.—Dr. John R. Maxwell, the Iowa state golf cham plon in 1900 and the trans-Missis slppl champion In 1903, died of Brlght's disease last night at his home In this city. BATTLE AT COAL MINES STRIKING OHIO WORKMEN TACK ARMED GUARDS TROOPS SUMMONED AT- Springfield, 111., June 4.—Thirty thousand coal miners who have been on strike for the past two months resumed work throughout the Btate this morning. Steubenvllle, Ohio, June 4.—The armed guard on duty at the mines 6f the United States Coal company was ambushed by striking miners about midnight while marching over the hills from Glenn's Run to Coal Hollow. About 500 shots were fired. Four per sons were wounded. The miners are all foreigners. Fight During Night. There was a conflict between the striking miners and the guards at Plum Run during the night About seventy-five shots were exchanged and T. E. Young, thd manager of the mines, was slightly wounded. All Is now quiet. Sheriff Voorhees has wired the state authorities at Columbus requesting that lOO aoldlerB be sent immediately to the scene of the trouble. Troops Orderd to Scene. Columbtis, Ohio, June 4.—The gov ernor haB ordered the fourth regiment to mobilize here to go to the mines in Jefferson county. F08TER 18 HOPEFUL. Pes Moines Man Talks of Iowa Fight at Washington. Washington, D. C., June 4.—(Spe cial).—Sdyney Foster of Des Moines was about the capitol building today. He declared that the gubernatorial fight in Iowa is red hot, but expressed the opinion that the fight will be con fined to the conventions, with no bolts and that the nominee would have the support of the party and will be elect ed. ofTUMWANS IN WASHINGTON Mr. and Mrs, J. J. Smith Hear An nouncement of Senator's Death. Washington, D. C., June 4.—(Spe olal)—Hon. J. J. Smith and Mrs. Smith of Ottumwa are in Washington for a few days. They were in the Benate this noon when the announce ment of the death of Senator Gorman was made. Edward L. Roth of Ottumwa is also In the city on business. CASS ATT FACES CHARGES AGAINST HIS COMPANY WILLIAM8 WILL BE GOOD. Democratic Leader In the House De clares Truce With Cahnon. Washington, D. C., June 4.—The dove of peace seemed to hover over the house when it convened today, Minority Leader Williams of Mlssislp pi intimated that he would be very good for several days at least, giving the speaker every opportunity to give the house a chance to vote on the con ference report on the statehood bill. WOULD 8AVE NIAGARA. House Passes the Bill for Control and Regulation of River. Washington, D. C., June 4.—The bill tor the control and regulation of the Niagara river and the,preservation of Niagara fallB was passed by the house today. The house adjourned when the announcement of the death of Senator Gorman was made. such charges exhaustively and If any officer or employe should be found guilty of corrupt practices he would be summarily dealt with. Referring to the testimony of cer tain officers that they held stocks of coal companies and to the inference drawn by the newspapers that favorit ism and discrimination on a large scale had been practiced for the bene fit of the companies whose stocks were thus held, Mr. Cassatt said that while such stock ownership was no doubt inadvisable and unfortunate, It was not an offense in Itself, and not con trary to the bylaws of the company in fact the management had, in the earl- (Contljmed on Page 53 l'i.»»!l'r1'il»l^|lH|ijiwii)»li1'tty^'ri'^""*1tf" fl|R ?$j5- \i$ iTWo $' NUMBER 170 SECRETARY SHAW MAKE8 RE MARKABLE ADDRE8S TO PEO* PLE OF NEWTON* DEPLORES IOWA STRIFE Saya That Harmony and a Dealre Wat Harmony Should Govern the Party!* 'Deliberations—Calls Attonttonrto th«* Importance of the Tariff Aa An From National standpoint No man, however strong or how ever honest, could have stayed disss ter' under the party policies that prevailed from 1892 to 1896, and no man, how ever weak or however corrupt,' could have stayed prosperity nnder the wlee legislation that has prevailed for near ly a decade. "Do not misunderstand me. I would not detract from, or minimize the ef fect of wise leadership, but wise lead ership is worthless without wise fol lowing. This was emphasised in the President's memorial speech oh Wed nesday last, and it is exemplified on every page of our national history. Deplores Party Strife. "I regret the present trend towards party disorganization. I regret that the democratic party Is so unorganized —rather than disorganized—and So de-' void of issue or policy or plan or pur-' pose. I regret that in several demo cratic states imaginary Issues are be ing waged between would-be leaders df that party. In Georgia, for Instance, for two years a contest has been waged Ht|«" & Isaus r§ Newton, June 4.—In^the presence of a large audience here Saturday after noon Secretary of the Treasury Shaw delivered one of the greatest speeches heard during thepresent campaign. Ha spoke at Knoxville to a large audience in the evening. In his speech, here, h* said In part: "Our government is a government by parties. It is both Impracticable and impossible to have It otherwise. We read that in olden times countries prospered or languished, advanced or retrograded, -according to the character of their rulers. In the United States we prosper or languish, advanoo or ret- a^ rograde—not according to the chiirac ter of our chief executive, but accord ing to the wisdom or lack of wisdom of the party in power. We prospered during Mr. Cleveland's first admlnis tration, and languished during the l&st administration, not because the chief wise in the 90's. We proposed during bk§ wise in the 90'c. We prospered during the former because the senate remain- «§??$ ed republican, and republican legisla tlon, republican policies prevailed, and s&isfs we languished during the latter be cause democratic policies then pre vailed. "The remarkable prosperity, the un precedented prosperity which we have enjoyed for the -last nlse y&&£&— traceable only to *mall dQgFee to thfr ~Z individual wisdom, great as it was, of William McKinley and to the Jndl-w vidual wisdom, great as it is, of Theo dore Roosevelt Our prosperity has" been dependent In a larger degree than most men Imagine u,non the wise poli cies of the placed these men at the head or our national affairs. m-• H' m: lit credibly advised? that over $100,000 has been spent on fiM either side, and you and I know, with-8wf out being told, that the issue between'pi? two democrats in a democratic«state is a manufactured issue. ••vjg "The same character of a contest Is being waged for gubernatorial and sen atorial honors in several other south-"0M ern states, and all on manufactured is-*4l sues. Such things are not good for a^l state, and such things are ruinous to4^- a party. "I also regret the trend towards dls organization in the republican ranks. I have kept out of the controversy in this state—not because I am any the less a citizen of Iowa, because I have been temporarily domiciled in Wash ington, but because I have preferred to keep out of it. I claim the same right. however, that is possessed by every other Iowa citizen. Taking Part In Campalgn.Ws "In December last I accepted an In vltation to speak early in February be fore the Polk County Republican club. When I accepted the Invitation. I ex pected to be a private citizen on Feb ruary 2. When other arrangements were made, I agreed to give a later date for Des Moines. This I did, and made a speech in March. I am told at a recent county convention a reso lution was .offered criticising me for thuB taking part in the compaign In*' my own state. I am now told that those who then criticised a republican citizen for making a republican speech in his own state, and who have de manded that the Iowa delegation In congress and the Iowa members of the President's cabinet should keep hands off the Iowa campaign, have now sent to an adjoining state for a great ora tor to come to their aid In controlling the politics of Iowa. "It I understand the situation aright the presence within the state of Iowa'si or lowa si ».) -J**- f£optinued on Page 8. •R