■ ■1 - -— ' " __^ esolve to Win Health Dr. Copeland’s New Year’s Message h, Achievement, Success—W hat Does a Man Cain ho IPim These and Has Not Health?—Determine Tnrlay to Strive for a Sound Body. P ^ iiy rtOYAL S. COPELAND, M. D. i United States Senator from New York. former Commissioner of Health. New York City. ,jjHREE hundred years ago tomorrow, young children, the first born of Plymouth, were celebrating New Year’s Day. With all its sacrifices, life to them was just as sweet as it is to our chil f tlren, bom three centuries later. OR COPELAND. After ail, it is not the year or the generation in which we live that determines our happinest. It is the spirit with which we face life that de termines our contentment of mind. On this New Year’s Day every newspaper in North America will record the achievements of the year just ended. Every paper will record prophecies of the year to come. They will talk about money, about invention, about discovery, about politics. The acts of Congress, Wall Street, the World Court, Dis armament, the Eighteenth Amendment, and a thousand other things will engage the serious attention of able editors. Columns will be writ ten to illuminate our minds regarding each and I all of these matters. I But, in the last analysis, these are not the final things. Today, tomorrow, next year, and from the beginning of time there are and have been but two things of vital importance: lne state ot your body and the state of your soul—what else really matters? What is a man profited if he shall gain the whole world and lose his own soul? What is a man profited if he gain wealth and educa uun, ianas ana degrees, u ne n.v-i not health? I have nothing but praise for all the wonderful achievements of the past. I am eager for those things that make for progress and the wel fare of the race. But, O! my coun trymen, why are we so neglectful of the Individual and public health?) What is better for you and for the nation than to be rich In health and vigor? To a remarkable extent the physi cal health has to do with the mind. That old saying from Junius Juve nalis Is worthy of serious thought. He speaks of the sound mind In the sound body. There is no doubt that the sound body Is likely to he gov erned by a sound mind. In many in-) stances, evil thoughts and wicked deeds may be traced to physical dis ease. To determine to cultivate health is one of the best resolutions Let us join In tbit resolve today. | Answers to Health Queries j MRS. G. G. Q.—What causes in- j flamed and bloodshot eyes? A.—Have your eyes examined by a specialist. It is probable you are nfferlng from eyestrain. e • • MRS. T. C. Q.—Is It dangerous to wave aa oversupply of sugar in the Vlood? Is this condition curable? Will It be necessary to diet for all time If this condition exists? A.—Yes. but the extent of ths trouble determines the degree of danger — proper treatment should bring about improvement. Whether or not the trouble can be definitely cleared up depends upon the serious ness of the Individual case. It is necessary to restrict the diet as long as there la a trace of sugar. Your doctor will advise you. • • • M. R. Q —What should a girl of 18. 5 feet 3 Inches tall weigh? 2.—What will remove superfluous hair on face, neck and cheat? 3— Will proper diet reduce the weight? 4— What would cause dizziness, pains around the heart, and over weight A.—She should weigh about 122 pounds. 2— The electric needle handled by an expert 3— Yea. a properly balanced diet and systematic exercise will reduce the weijrht. 4— Indigestion and biliousness would be apt to cause the former dis turbances. Overweight is often » matter of overeating. • e e I. M. Q.—What should a girl i Love’s Reawakening IZJTol >*11',’ i By Adele Garrison.----■ ■■ - Madge Runs into More Grief When She Beards the Lioness in Her Den in an Attempt to Rescue the Boys from Her Mot Iter-in-Late. AS I WAITED for an answer to' my tap upon my mother-ln law’s door, I was conscious that It was not her probable—almost certain—attitude of captious critic-; cism which 1 was dreading. It was I concerned only with what Dicky's attitude would be toward this little domestic imbroglio in which he four.d himself involved because my ' enforced Interview with hi^ young nephew.William Harrison, had left; him with Roderick and Junior—and, his mother—upon his hands. Behind me I heard soft rustlings and the almost noiseless closing of doors, and knew that Mary and Katherine had gone into their rooms. So there was no one save myself to see the frown uptn Dicky's face as be opened the door to me. "Oh,** he said, -nd the expletive was heavy with disapproval, although he managed to give it a courteous in flection. *‘I trust you have finished your interview end can turn your attention to this rather difficult problem."* He was holding his temper In with an effort. I saw that plainly. Never a patient man. 1 guessed that he had been much Irritated by his mother in the time that I had been absent, and not being able to vent »ny of his choler upon her—for Dicky i* scrupulously deferential to his mother—I presented a fair target for his wrath—if he let It slip I found myself less concerned with the problem presented by the alterca tion of the two small boys than with this question: Would Dicky be able to master his temper and preserve the delightful atmosphere of our “second honeymoon*" which had spelled such happiness for me since our reconciliation? On one thing I was determined. I would give him no provocation to wrath which I could avoid. * “| came up the second I finished talking to William." I said, carefully omitting any mention of my colloquy with Katherine and Mary. ♦•Was It necessary to deliver so one a lecture Just at this Juncture?"" ♦Dicky queried next, his voice Icily inqUi Dicky at His Old Trick*. It is an old gibe, this of his. one which he has thrown at me many times. One which in the past has never failed to goad me to explosive anger But I put an iron hand upon my leaping temper and forced my voice to casual calmness. ••I am afraid It was.” 1 said. “Will tant was very much upset and I had to explain things to him "* ••Margaret"" My mother-in-law’s roh-e cut through our colloquy as If ti were a pistol shot. "'May 1 re mind you that this is my room and that I am extremely busy. If you have nothing else to do but squab i i——r-1 n=:-— bie with Richard, I suggest that you go away again.” I knew better than to take her a! her word, much as I longed to go out the door and rlam It after me. In stead I left Dicky—I wondered If he were as grateful for the interruption as I was—and advanced toward my mother-in-law who was towering over Junior and Roderick. The two small boya, flushed and tearful, were seated opposite each other, their stormy eyes and averted faces show ing that the anger which had led to their fight was still unabated. "Please. Mother.” I coaxed, "Isn't there something I can do about this? I’m so sorry you were troubled with It.” Grandma Tries Again, "What elas waa there to do?” she demanded. "Tou were gone on some fool s errand, Richard took the whole affair as a huge joke," her eyes went scathingly to her hapless son, "and your father caret illy kept hls skirts clear of the whole affair. Somebody had to preserve discipline, and that's why I brought both the boys up here. I haven't Inquired as to the reason for their altercation. Boys will be boys, you know. I'm only insisting that they shake hands as all decent people do when a game or a fight Is ended. Now. Roderick, now Richard Second." she turned back to the two small boya. "You've had time to think this over. Aren’t you ready to shake hands with each other?" With amusement and relief I noted that she had not given them a direct command. If she had done so I would have had to enforce Junior’s obedience, at least, for we never have permitted him to disobey a command of his grandmother’s. I knetv her doting ove for her favorite grand son—I may truthfully call Junior that—and guessed that she would not risk punitive measures for him try giving him a direct command In his present rebellious mood. Her appeal, however, fen upon ears purposely deaf to any softening entreaty. The frown upon each ab surd little face deepened and they shook their heads decidedly. My mother-in-law turned to me with outspread hands. "You s«-e,“ she said, "the results of your absence from home. How can you expect a child deprived of hls mother to be as obedient as one who is under her care all the time?” I made no attempt to answer her amazing attack which I knew to be born of unreasoning temper In stead of conviction. All my facul ties were fused In one question. Would Dicky, by silence, acquiesce In her dictum, or would he in old fashioned parlance ''stand up” for me? (Continued Tomorrow) Cwrrtiftt. ua, Ntmptpw Feature ferric*, lac. weigh who Is thirteen years old and five feet four Inches tall? 2—How can I reduce? A.—For her age and height she should weigh about 115 pounds. 2—Weight reduction Is merely a matter of self-control as regards the diet Exercise Is. of course, essen tial. For particulars send a self addressed. stamped envelope and re peat your question. . • • • J. P. Q.—I have very large ton sils. Do you think they should coma out? A.—Follow your doctor’s advice after a personal examination. • • • G. A. A. A.—What cause# a fistula and what treatment is advised? Would an operation prevent further trouble? A —The trouble Is due to injury to the tissue of the involved parts. Operation la usually successful In clearing up disturbances of this na ture. C°OJTl *M. IIS. K»*tpip'«r r«itur« Strttcs. I Of Thre •Minute Journeys By TEMPLE MANNING The Beauties of South Africa. TO THE north and east of Cape Town, about which I wrote re cently. are some of the most beautiful valley spots to be found In the world. These are known as the Drakensteln. Paarl and Hex River Valleys, and they combine ex ceptional beauty of scenery with a richness of agriculture which has made them exceedingly attractive to colonists. Fleeing from Intolerable condltlone in France, large numbers of Hugue nots migrated to South Africa and It was in these fruitful valleys that they settled. Their Influence is seen In the orchards and vineyards. The French brought these agricultural developments from the homeland and found In South Africa Just the com bination of climate and aoll needed for the cultivation or the fruit and wine grapes. The principal cities of this Valley country are Paarl, Worcester and Wellington. Each his a gorgeous setting. Paarl is a Dutch commu nity. the name meaning "pearl.” The main beauty of these valleys lies in the majesty of the mountains. The tall granite peaks seem to rise up from one's very feet. They are over powering, but not depressing—there la nothing sinister about them. Back of this valley country lies the Great Karoo, a central table-land which has been largely given over to sheep grazing. To the casual traveler this flat plain with its odd little hill ocks every now and again, seems in capable of providing nourishing fod Surfboard Riding Is One of the Alain Sports. der for live stock. But the grass Is better than it seems and annually feeds millions of eheep. Just about due East of Cape Town, where the tip of Arlca swings around to be washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean, lies Port Elizabeth. This is another Important commer cial and industrial center, but it Is more also. It Is a popular holiday re sort. The bathing facilities are par ticularly good at Port Elizabeth. The city boasts another point of unucual interest. It is the Snake Park. Here hundreds of snakes are kept In their little houses inside the concrete walled lnclosures. It is. of course, strictly for scientific pur poses. but it serves nevertheless to draw curious visitors. Every day large numbers of people may be seen leaning over the concrete wails of the inclosures watching the attend ants fearlessly handing the venom ous snakes. Still further up ths coast. In a northeasterly direction, are Port Alfred and East London, both sea ports and recreation centers. At East London Is the popular Orient Beach whose long-rolling waves have made surf-board riding ons of the characteristics of the place. In my next article I shall tell you something shout the diamond towns and other parts of South Africa. Some Odd Facts Ex-King Manuel, of Portugal. Is an expert In gardening, and author of an Important book on Portuguese literature. • • • Ths craze to achieve feats of en durance has spread to piano-playing, a record having Just been set up by a professional pianist, Herr Hugo Muller, who succeeded In playing for eighty-five hours without a break. The previous record was eighty hours. • • • Kissing has now been banned in Russia by the Soviet authorities, even postal packages containing a warning against this habit, n i Happy New Year! By Fanny Darrell, i THE last day of the Old Year! A day of sadness, yet a day of rejoicing. Sadness for those whose past year has been but a uieless striving; a year of vain regrets and re pinings. Rejoicing for those who have forged ahead and placed themselves firmly on the road to victory. You see. the years are what you make of them. Those who • fail blame everything and everybody else but themselves and bemoan the fate that has made them miserable. New Year’s Eve is one of sad remembrance to them. But why not meditate a bit! See where you have failed and determine that the New Year will bring you a realization of your dreams. Take Love into your confidence, for Love is the eternai conqueror. Where Love is, there can be no failure. So when the clock hands point to the midnight hour, then and there determine that you’ll make good—and watch the glad hap piness of Love’s face as he smiles from the clock and promises you his help! Mav the coming year bring you all the hap piness for which you hope! May Love ever abide with you all and bring you the realization of your dearest dreams! And may it be the very happiest year of all. this New Year of 19301 • "Lure”'—and the New Loeg Skirts! By WLWRED BLACK MARY GARDEN it all for the long skirt. She doesn’t like it for its comfort; she doesn’t like it for its practical use, but she just loves it for its “lure.” And if anybody in this or any other country knows just pre oseiy wnai "lure' means, wary uaraen is that one particular person. Bliss Garden was never a great beauty, and all the musical critics agree that her voice is not exactly the voice of a great diva —but “lure/’ charm, fascination?—hush! Every man who ever went to the opera in this country, after he was old enough to fall in love, has been in love with Mary Garden. And as for Europe—what with soldiers, and admirals, and prime ministers and princes, both merchant and royal varieties—Miss Gar den’s existence has beeh fairly littered with them. Bliss Garden has red hair, and lure—no one will ever think of denying these two at tributes. And here she is now, the great siren of her generation, telling us that short skirts and WINIFRED BLOCK snort nair, ana piam taut nave iuuea woman s lure xor man—weii I don’t know but she is right Sarah Bernhardt didn’t have a feature in that amazing face of hers—but she had “lure’’ by the pound. Imagine Bernhardt in a snort skirt. < She would have committed suicide before she would have worn one. And as for Cleopatra, that Serpent of Old Nile who drove most of the prominent princes ►-- -.-..—.—• and well-known kings of her time mad with love for her, can you even dream of her in a sport dress and a pull-on hat? Where is the great beauty of l today—I ask you? The one Helpful Advice to Girls By ANNIE LAURIE Dear annih laurie: < I have never come to you for advice. But 1 need It very much. We are two sisters, fourteen and flften years old, and love two fel lows very dearly. But our mother does not approve of ua going out with boys. One of the fellows has asked me to marry him. I am fourteen years old. but I think 1 am too young. My mother wants me to marry about seventeen or eighteen years old. Would you think It right for him to ask my mother If he can go out with me? My mother does not want my sis ter and me to go out nights. We only can go on Saturday after noons. and the rest of the week stay home. Do you think mother Is doing right? HEARTBROKEN AND LONE SOME. Heartbroken and lone some: Wjiat are you so sad about? Is It because you have a mother grho ha*,her daughters' In terests at heart and knows they are but children needing her care and loving protection? If *11 the girls had such sensible parents there would be far less ur’happlness In the world. Put all such thoughts out of yourtnlnd. Enjoy tht healthy, happy activities of girlhooA for before you realize It you will b£ grown up. with the responsibilities *juarely before you, For life la no roses, and i ►so In the meantime mske the most of! your girlhood, and that means do not make yourself unhappy with ttnug-1 lnary love troubles. Dear annie laurie: Please tell me how to win back a boy's friendship. I am a girl in my late teens and am deep* ly In love with a boy two years my senior. We have been going together for about two months. Lately when he has taken me out he acted as though he did not want me with him. We had a ill* tie quarrel lately and he won't talk very much, although he tips his hat and says "HeUo* to me when he sees me. but he Is not the earns boy—what 1 mean la. he never takes me out any more. Can you tell me a way to win him back? Should 1 apologize to him if I think the quarrel was my fault? DOWNHEARTED. DOWNHEARTED: Tour own state of mind seems to hint that you may have been the first to offend. If you have been at fault speak to. your friend and see if that is the reason for his indifference. If there j is no other reason than Just his de sire to discontinue the frlen4ship. then there is nothing that you can or should do. .'or a young lady never forces her attentions to regain affec tion that is definitely withdrawn. j woman who turns the head of every man that looks at her. I can’t remember her name, can you? The girls are all pretty, all charming, all superlatively groomed and amazingly chic, but where is the maddening charm we used to bear so much about, back in the days of Floradora, the Gibson Girls with their pompadour hair and Lillian Rus sell trains a-trailing behind them every step. Yes, 1 am afraid Mary Gar den is right—even when she says: “The .medem woman has ceased to be what every woman craves to be to man—his eternal charmer.” But I don’t know—perhaps men don’t care to be charmed any more. Maybe they want to be pulled and chummed, and well, 'er— bossed when you come right down to it. Who could be infatuated with a bossy woman? Not a man on earth. Women in long skirts very often got their way—but they coaxed it out of a man, they didn’t demand it Perhaps the modern woman does not care enough about men to want to charm them. Perhaps men are to her mere ly comrades—or husbands. Perhaps she wouldn’t know what to do with a real lover if she had one. It’s all very interesting isn’t it—particularly on the eve of a brand-new year!! Cdfrrtgbt. 1»!#. Ne* (paper future Sertlre. Ine The Stars Say— For Wednesday, January 1. VBy GENEVIEVE KEMBLE. L H Y Interesting and Intrigu ing is the forecast from the the planetary configurations, which accent the unusuai and sin gular. There may be some surpris ing change or Journey, and also the romantic concerns of life may give piquancy or excited interest to events. But, also, all matters should thrive and bring muc.. gratification, with growth, promotion, expansion and prosperity in employment. In dustry and labor. All affairs should flourish aqd bring happiness. Those whose birthday it is are on the eve of great advancement as well as pleasant adventure. Employment. Industry, business, finance are under benignant sway, and affectlonal or personal affairs may be romantic and intriguing. Changes of business and environment are possible, with pro motion. preferment and happiness at- i tending conditions generally. It Is a time for pushing to all goals and ambitions, business aa well as per sonal. A child horn on this day will be assured of place and positions In life, with al! opportunities of busi ness and social advantages sustained by Its own ambition and versatility, C**r.0t. IN*. RWiWt Tntm U» -4 Tidbits for \ New Year's Day The Home-Kitchen By Alice Lynn Barry A REPERTOIRE of little delica cies equips the hostess for New Year's Day entertain ing. This may be In the form of a special tea. a dinner or—what Is more likely—an uninterrupted succession of callers all day. to most people the most delightful of ail forms of entertaining. Pleasantly informal hospitality means keeping a sideboard graced with a few plates of attractive little cookies, and a pitcher of homey egg nog. A sufficient quantity can lie made up early in the day, and the pitcher refilled from time to time. Here Is a recipe for about one gallon. Flavoring Is a matter of taste or dis cretion—it may be one quart of non alcoholic sherry, brand/, cvignac or w hat-have-you. Egg-Nog. 12 fresh eggs*. 2 quarts milk. 1 quart cream. * cupfuls of sugar. 1 quart beverage flavoring. 1 tablespoonful of vanilla. 1 tablespoonful of powdered nut meg. Separate the yolks from egg whites. Beat the yolks, add the sugar, milk, cream and other In gredients, and last the beaten egg whltcs. Grape and Cider Punch. 3 quarts white grape Juke. 3 quarts sweet cider. 4 lemons. 4 oranges. 1 cupful of sugar. 1 quart of ginger ale. Mix the strained lemon and orange juice with the sugar, then add grape juice, cider and ginger ale. Pour over large cube of ice In punchfcowL A large tray of tiny sandwiches, either little triangles or the open faced dry canape variety, la very at tractive. Also it is preferred by many to the sweet accompaniments. The more variety on the tray, the pleasanter arrangement it makes, and fillings should be selected for color effect as well as variety in flavor. A few dainties like caviar, crabmeat. chicken - livers, anchovy paste, various kinds of cheese, tuna fish, each make very tasty tidbits. For garnish, slices of hard boiled egg. or slices of stuffed olives, strips of plmiento provide color and flavor. Cut bread thin, then trim off crusts and cut In several different shapes. Either In small triangles, or In rounds with a biscuit cutter, or in fancy shapes as desired. Lobster, crabmeat or tuna fish must be flaked very fine, mixed with a Utile lemon juice and some mayonnaise so as to spread easily. Caviar needs but a sprinkling of lemon Juice and either a slice of hard-boiled egg for gar nish. or powdered eggyolk sprinkled over the top. Thin slivers of sausage placed on bread, then cut Into fancy shapes fitting the slice of bread per fectly— Introduce variety into the sandwich tray. Also there may be two or three small glass dishes containing relishes —small pickles, olives, pickled wal nuts—only those things which are easy to handle without requiring extra service. If several kinds of bread are used, they will add color and variety to the sandwich tray. Brown bread, either the plain or raisin and nut variety. Is especially good with cheese, the rye bread goes well with hard cheese and with caviar, white bread with other fish. All sandwiches should be quite small, very evenky cut and at tractively placed on the lace or pa per-lace coveral trav. I Today’s Fashion I L——.By Vera WinstonMnJ 4 {.unning Coat for tht Small Girl. Designers have used an their Ingenuity this season In creat ing clothes for little sister.' rhey have fashioned them on lines is distinctive as the new grown-up 1 tothes. In fact, the tiny coats and iresses are replicas of older sisters tnd of mothers". Consider the clever little coat illus trated today. It Is made of striped tweed, the background tan and the Horizontal stripes of dark blown. K modernistic effec t is achieved by the contrasting vertical stripe* placed at the collar, cuffs and pockets, _ ' 'i"* GOODNIGHT ’ STORIES By Mas Trcll .. Yam Should Niever Have Gone to Slurp In the Clock-—Capa* dally on ttew Year** Fee! OF COURSE, little Yam shmtf have known better than tc have gone to steep early on •uch a night. Above alt. ah# should not have chosen the place to steep to that she did. It was silly all the way round a* you »*r, MIJ. Flor. Han id. Knnrf and Yarn —the shadow - children with tb* turned-at-ou: name*—were in the pur" lor eti this particular evening. They looked around them In surf-r se, f«r the walla were hung with streamer*, colored ribbons and tempers. a»d t» place of the usual tight* were Jap anese lanterns. On the tables were horns, rlackers, poppers and ether things for making notoa. “There's going to be a party.** !!anld announced. The others nodded wisely. “Yes. there’s going to he m party.” they agreed. And they toll very happy atiout it. for they liked parti**—all except llt.ll* Yam. whs yawned sleepily. “Oh. dear. I'm so tired. I’m g»ft*r to sleep. I can t keep my e>e# open.” She was quit# a ymmg shadow-girl and not at all used tv staying up late even for psrtie*. Drawing herself together «etl| she waa no bigger than a thumb, ah* curled up in the fringe of one of the ribbon* and shut her eves. MIJ. however, drew her sut. “You mustn't do to steep ye*. It a not polite to sleep et a party.” “But I'm sleepy,” she prof ••fed, nibbing her eye*. "it doesn't matter. Yo* mu** stay up. Look, your mistress to up.” Sure enough. Yam’s little mlaitrene. May. was up. Khe entered the par lor at that moment with all the e*be little real-children and a crowd si grown-ups. They were all laasbtof .-.... * 1,1 w" ^ ■ Yam Did Behind the Hour-Hand* and talkIng. The gbl’drem IsaUettp found the horn* end ether edt« makers end filled the carter *!•« noise. The shadows bed te sheet Into each other* ears to he bwipB, “Isn't it fun?-* shouted F!or. All the others dapped their hands, Yam looked about wearily. Where could she find a place to sleep* Wherever she turned, the found p*«* pie. She crept upon the plane KnaiTs master,, Frank, wim didn't know she was there, started to hang, and she sprang down In haste, dhg crawled into e caw but anmeonw poured lemonade into it and slid was almost drenched. Her own mss* tress kept following her around taf least It — owed so. although to every one else it looked Just the other w «y about) and blowing a bom right i»ta her ear. “Please, don’t . . . pl-e-mae. d**-i ♦,* Yam begged. In vain. Her w; t*oe paid no attention te her whatever* Then the climbed te the tep eg *h# clock and h;d herself behind the hour hand, which was already mid way between eleven and. twelve, tt was a little more peaceful ffc-te. Karen the ticfc-tock. which mmaiMie-f tremendously loud because she wm« so near, was better than the ether nolees. To her re!>f tk* became still •• a ebofHh. It wee the most egtraordir rr »h *■ t- gh* s* u # her bend out a tittle way from be hind the minute hand and gawd down. Amariny! Evervon# wae stturg stock-still and -taring at. her! Yea. there could be no doubt gjiinif It They were watching bar he*'.nd the hour hand. In 41-may she tried to pull herself even doner topstber. It was impossible. gome little pais of her managed ro sti-ik cut agoupa to be BJtteed Why couldn't they let her alone? Slip wanted so u sleep. Even their no se was 'letter than thi* staring which frightened her. What was among with them? What made them do it? Whet—? At this instant the-cvl sudd# * ’ * struck. You can't imagine wtiat a fearful clang tt made. A »d live earn* Instant the horns, darker*, pepper* and what-not went off. Foe* Tam Is a pel down from the clock l» ter* ror and fMl up the flrertue#. And everyone "It'i twelve o **(«""It! floppy freer Year! Happy Hew ¥«»•«:"* rwrrlcftt. tf». inwra w*» Sewn. t*s Words of l!ir Wi*e For the whole «wM, aalfiOitf « Mtfre home. la nothing but a prison of larger room, —Cowley. We triumph without glory when we conquer without dan. ffer. —Corneille, The greet thinker is * disputant. lie mtweers other men's arguments hy stating the truth as he seet if. — JTorei It ia good diirretton not to make too much of any nan at the flirt. twcnu* one cam*A bold out that pro^ar.rn. —Bacon. The greatest men hare hem those icbe hare enf f*c;r *c#y f# •acccti through „ ——. . . -r i