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EVENTS OF 1919 PASSED IN REVIEW World Found Great Difficulty in Returning From War o Peace Conditions. - national serretjtriaf. It mas prorlde-1 that decision of the executive council should be er.force.1. Jf necesxirr. by "the prevention of all financial, com mercial or personal lr.teniure" be tween the nation failing f.t abide by the deel.-,iin ami nil other niember a'ates of the League of Nations. ln tin sarin? day that he presented this piun to the va-i- conference Pre U.ent uilsjn sailed f..r the United States to attend the dosing session or congress at Washington. Orposi tion to the Incorporation of the League .,,. .a.aa... a -an a r . MAR Nil Wit rKMAN IRFAI Y I " " covenant in the peace treaty . already Europe in State of Ferment, While the United States Was Struggling With Crave Industrial and Eco nomic Problems. By DONALD F. BIGGS. After nearly five years of frightful warfare, in which all of the great pow ers and many of the smaller nations had been involved, the world found It difficult to return to anything like nor mal conditions during the year 1919. "While the armistice which was signed la the closing weeks of 1018 brought a cessation of hostilities between the two groups of nations that had been engaged In the great struggle. It did not bring peace to all the peoples In volved. Technically the world still was at war throughout practically all of the year just closed as the peace treaty which was framed In Paris after months of negotiation could not be made fully effective until ratified by the great powers and formally pro mulgated by the peace conference. Failure of the United States senate to ratify the treaty, because of opposition to the covenant of the League of Na tions, which was made a part of the peace treaty, prevented the formnl declaration of peace until more than a year after the armistice was signed. Internal disorders and territorial disputes arising from the establish ment of many new nations kept a large part of Europe in turmoil. Such a complete remaking of the map of Europe as resulted from the great war naturally could not be accomplished without friction. The great empire of Austria-Hungary had fallen to pieces with the defeat of the central powers and out of the wreckage new states arose. These new nations Austria Hungary, Poland and the Czech and Jugoslav states could not establish their new boundaries without friction among themselves and with their neighbors. The new government of Germany, which had been transformed into a republic, was striving to main tain itself against the attacks of radi cal elements. Russia was torn by civil strife, with half a dozen groups fighting for the mastery. - At times world peace seemed still far off, but as the year passed conditions became : more settled and it seemed probable that with the formal promulgation of the peace treaty the chaos into which Europe had been thrown would pass. In the United States conditions were not so unsettled as in the nations that had been longer engaged In the war, but here, as in Europe, the transition from a war to a peace basis was not easy. New industrial problems had been created. The high cost of living caused labor to make insistent and re peated demands for higher wages and resulted in numerous strikes among all classes of workers. Radical lead ers took advantage of the unrest that existed to recruit their forces and they became so active that the con stituted authorities of the nation finally found It necessary to take de termined steps to suppress disloyal propaganda. The Making of Peace. The first steps toward the organi zation of the peace congress were taken on January 12 when the su preme war council, members of which were President Wilson and Secretary Lansing of the United States, and the premiers and foreign ministers of Great P.rltain, France and Italy, to gether with Marshal Foch and mili tary representatives of the severa i lowers, began actual consideration of the terms of pence to be imposed upon the central powers. The peace con press Itself, without delegates from the defeated powers or Russia, met in the ministry of foreign affairs nt Paris on January IS. President Wil son proposed Premier Cletnenceau for permanent chairman of the confer ence and the delegates elected him by unanimous vote. It was determined at the beginning that only the five great belligerent powers, the United States, Great P.ritain, France, Italy and Japan, should take part In nil meetings of the conference and commission to bo ap pointed ; that other belligerent and ns Koelatcd powers should participate only In meet lugs at which questions concerning them were to be discussed. As the representatives of the many belligerent nations entered upon the task of bringing peace to the world Europe was In turmoil. Poland was being reconstituted and the llxlng of her boundaries gave rise to many con troversies between the Pole and sur rounding peoples. The question of whether a League of Nations should be created ns n means of preventing future wars was one of the first to be taken up by the pence conference. On January 25 the conference formally declared In favor of the establishment of n League of Nations, and n com mission, of which President Wilson was chairman, was appointed to pre pare a definite plan. The League of Nations commission held Its first meet ing on February 3 and on February 14 President Wilson read and explained to the pence conference a draft of the constitution for the Long-tie of Nations. The pbin provided for an executive council to he composed of representa tives of nine nations and for uu inter- had developed In this country and President Wilson, upon his return ueuvereu an address at Boston Ik which he emphasized the necessity of me Limed States taking a leading part In the organization of the League or Nations. Meantime the peace conference was endeavoring to reach a solution of several other vexing problems. A bit ter dispute had arisen between Italy and the new Jugo-Slav state as to the possession of the eastern coast of the Adriatic. The Italians demanded pos session of the city of Flume on the ground that Its population was largely Italian, while the Jugo-Slavs main tained that possession of this port was essential If their newly organized na tion was to have access to the sea. The Japanese delegates also gave an early Indication of their attitude by Insisting upon Japan's right to re tain the Marshall and Caroline islands, which she had taken from Germany. President Wilson returned to Paris after spending little more than a week in the United States. With his arrival in France on March 14 the peace con ference began consideration of recom mendations by various committees. and the peace treaty began to take definite shape. On March 24 the council of ten which had been considering the chief problems before-the peace conference was replaced byi council of four, con sisting of President Wilson and Pre miers Lloyd George, Clemenceuu and Orlando. From that time up to the actual signing, of the peace treaty nil of the problems arising were disposed of by this council of four, in which. at times, the premier of Japan also participated. The revised covenant of the League of Nations was presented at a plenary session of the peace conference on April 2S. President Wilson, ns chair man of the commission which framed the covenant, explained the changes that had been made, mostly as a result of criticism In the United States. One of the most Important of the amend ments made was that providing that the covenant should not affect existing understandings for maintaining peace. While It was not so stated specifically, this amendment was designed to pre vent the League of Nations covenant from interfering with the Monroe doc trine. The revised covenant was adopted by the unanimous vote of the peace conference. On April 30 the council of four, which by this time had been reduced to a council of three by the with drawal of the Italians, agreed to transfer to Japan the German posses sion of Klau-Chau. The Chinese dele gation objected strenuously to this set tlement, although Japan agreed ulti mately to restore the territory to China. On May 6 the council deter mined that Great Britain and her colo nies and dominions should become mandatory for the islands north of the equator. By May 8 the treaty' had finally been completed and on that date it was presented to the German plenipoten tiaries nt Versailles. The pact, while It represented chiefly the deliberations of the council of four, had been adopt ed by n conference in which 27 allied and associated powers were represent ed. At the same time It was an nounced that President Wilson nnd Premier Lloyd George had negotiated treaties with France providing that the United Stales nnd Grent Britain would come immediately to the assist ance of France In case of any future unprovoked attack by Germany. When the pence treaty was submitted to the Germans the Italian delegates were present, having returned to Paris In response to nn Invitation extended by President Wilson and Premiers Lloyd George and Cletnenceau. The German delegates were not per mitted to discuss the peace treaty with the conference but were given fifteen days in which to submit their reply In writing. Announcement of the terms of the treaty caused a storm In Ger many. The terms were denounced by President Fbert of Germany as being the most severe ever "imposed upon a vanquished people." Several commu nications requesting changes In the treaty were submitted by the German delegates nnd these were given consld oration by the council of five. As a result some parts of the treaty were made more lenient toward Germany. The revised terms were presented to fount Rroekdorff-Rnntznu. bond of the German delegation on June 1(5 nnd the Germans were given seven days In which to sign. The German national assembly on June 22, by a vote of 237 to 13S, authorized the government fo sign the trenty. On June 2S the treaty wns signed at Versailles by rep resentative of Germany and of the allied and associated powers. The Chinese delegates nlone refused to sign because of the Shantung settlement. On Juno 20 President Wilson sailed from France nnd returned to the United Slates nfler nu absence of more than six months. On July 10 he presented the treaty to the senate nnd there nt once developed bitter oppo sition to Us Adoption without change or reservation. On September 10 Senator Lodge sub mitted the niujortty report of the com mittee on foreign relations, proposiaz amendment aud four reservations t' the peace treaty. Senator Hitchcock presented a minority report, recom mending the adoption of the treaty w itliout reservation. There begun then a determined fght between the oppos ing forces In the senate, which ended finally In a deadlock that prevented the ratification of the treaty either with or without reservations. President Wilson had continued to combat every suggestion of a change In the treaty or the covenant of the League of Nations and In an effort to force its ratification had undertaken nn extensive tour of the country, be ginning on September 4. After deliv ering more than forty speeches throughout the West he broke down under the strain and was forced to return to the White House. His con dltion wns regarded as very serious, and he was unable to take a leading part In the battle for the treaty when the contest reached Its climax. The president still insisted, however, npon the adoption of the treaty without res ervations, and when the question came to a final vote In the senate on Novem ber 19 the Democratic minority, aided by a number of Republicans opposed to the league In any form, defeated the majority resolution of the Republicans, which would have carried with it the reservations adopted by the senate. Senator Hitchcock thereupon offered a resolution providing for ratification of the treaty without reservations, and this. In turn, was defeated, a number of Democratic senators voting with the Republicans. With a compromise between the opposing groups appar ently impossible, the senate ad journed. In the meantime the peace treaty J uu neen ratified by the other great Hied nations and by many of the mailer nations that had been engaged n the war against Germany. socialists seized: control of the govern ment. The situation in Ireland where the Sinn Fein continued Its efforts to es tablish a republic grew more serious as the year advanced. Repeated dis orders occurred and on September 12 lscount French, lieutenant governor The United States entertained a number of distinguished otliiiuU from abroad during the latter part of the year, including Cardinal Merrier of Belsiutn, King Albert and Queen Elizabeth of P.-Igiuni, and the prince of Wales. During the cl.is:nrr neck of the of Ireland, prohibited further meetings j year a determined utta.-k upon tt Foreign Affairs. While the treaty was' being negoti ated conditions remained very un settled not only In the territory which had been included In the four defeated nations but throughout Europe. Rus sia continued in a state of turmoil throughout the year. Although the bolshevist government under the direc tion of Lenin and Trotzky maintained its control over a large part of the former empire it was hemmed in on nil sides by opposing groups which attacked it with varying success. The newly constituted nation of Poland was beset for a time on all sides, but It. too, succeeded In weathering the' storm and had established a "table government before many v months had passed. Failure to reach a settlement of the Flume question continually threatened an armed conflict between the jtnlian and th 'new' Jugo-Slav' state. Serious conditions existed In Hungary both be cause of Internal disorders and be cause of clashes with Roumania and with the new Czech government. In Germany a split among the Ger man socialist leaders resulted on Janu ary 7 in serious street fighting. The government was seriously threatened, but on January 9 its troops in Berlin were re-enforced nnd regained control of the situation. On January 16 Dr. Curl Liebkneeht, leader of the Spar tacans, or nntigovernment faction, was killed while attempting to escape after arrest in Berlin, nis companion, Rosa Luxemburg, long known as a radical leader both in Germany nnd Russia, was killed by a mob. Disorders in Germany were suppressed and on Jan uary 10 the people elected a national assembly, the majority socialists led by Chancellor Ebert retaining control. The assembly met a Weimar on Janu ary 6 nnd on February 11 elected Chancellor Fbert ns first president of (he- German republic, after adopting a provisional constitution. In Poland opposing factions reached nn agree ment on January 17 whereby Ignace Jan PnderewskI became premier, with General Pilsudski ns foreign minister and M. Demoskl ns president. Opposition to Japanese control had been developing rapidly in Koren nnd on March 12 Korean mitionnlists is sued a declaration of independence, declaring themselves ready to "fight to the Inst drop of blood." Serious disor ders nlso were reported In Egypt In support of the nationnllst demand for autonomy nnd on March 25 the Brit ish secretary for wnr, Mr. Churchill, admitted that the whole of Egypt was virtually In n state of Insurrection. On March 10 n new Germano-Austrinn government was established nt Vienna with Doctor Rentier ns chancellor. Count Karolyl had been made presi dent of the new Hungarlnn republic on January 11, but on March 22 he wns forced to resign nnd there wns consti tuted n new government which pro claimed n dictatorship of the prole tariat nnd nn alliance with the Rus sian soviet government. A ministerial crisis arose In Italy ns n result of the government's policy In connection with the pence conference. As a result the ministry of Premier Orlando wns unexpectedly over thrown on June lf nnd two days later Francesco Nitll, former minister of finutice, becutue premier of Italy. At the same time the German cabinet re signed because of the determination of Chancellor Schrldcmnnn not to recog nize the peace terms offered by the Allien. Gustnv Adolph Bauer, former minister of labor, was appointed chan cellor by President Kbert and formed a new onblnet. A clash between Ihe new German government and the allies wns threntened on June 21 when the Gertnnn fleet which hnd been Interned In British waters under the armistice was scuttled by German crews, twenty battleships and cruisers being sunk. On August 1 Rein Ktin, w'-:o for four or live months hnd been dictator In Hungary, was compelled to retire when . 9 -ft... . It.. . t ... ., v. me so-vuin-u irisii parliament. .Many arrests were made by the military. The fighting in Russia had continued without decided advantage to any group until on October 25 the force commanded by General Vudenitch. ad vancing acalnst the bolshevik, reached a point within fifteen miles of Petrograd. While other problems growing out of the war were being settled, the ques tion of the disposal of Flume continued to cause trouble. On September 13 Gabriele d'Annuuzio, the Italian soldier-poet, entered Flume at the head of several thousand soldiers and took control of the port In defiance of the Italian and allied military authorities. On September 10 the representatives of the great powers handed a peace treaty to Bulgaria. Under this treaty western Thrace was taken from Bul garia, her army was reduced to 20.000, and she was required to pay $445,000,- 000 as reparation for damages done by her armies. Reverses for all of the forces op posing the bolsheviki were reported in November. On the 15th General Yu- denltch was forced to retrent to the Esthonian border and resigned com mand of the Russian northwest army. On the same day it was reported that the bolsheviki had captured Omsk, the seat of the Kolchak government, D'An nunzio created a still more serious sit uation for Italy when he seized Kara, Dulmatia, on November 14. war-time prohibition act held the at tention of the country, on October 27 President Wilson vetoed the stringent prohibition enforcement bill passed by congress on the ground thnt th emergency for which the prohibition law had been enacted, had passed. Congress immediately passed the bill over the president's veto and it be came a law. Attacks were made upon the prohibition law in federal courts In all sections of the country and vary Ing decisions were given. Appeal wa taken to the United States Supreme court which on December 15 upheld the act. Labor and Industrial. Domestic Affairs The return of the United States to a condition of peace was not accom plished easily. Unusual conditions ex isted and the people of the country were confronted with problems that had been unknown in the days before the war. The adoption of nation-wide prohi bition and the submission by congress of the constitutional amendment for complete woman's suffrage were im portant events of the year. Ratifica tion of the national prohibition amend ment came early in the year with a rapidity that surprised the nation. On January 29 the state department pro claimed the ratification of the amend ment and set January 10, 1920, as the date when it would become effective. W On January 9 Attorney General Greg ory tendered his resignation, to become effective March 4, nnd A. Mitchell Pal mer was appointed to succeed him on ebruary. 27. Ob January 11 Walker fCHlDfes wasnppointed director gen eral of railroads to succeed William G. McAdoo. The government's first blow at the radicals during the year was deliv ered on January 8 when Congressman Victor L. Berger nnd four other So cialist leaders were found guilty by a federal jury In Chicago of conspiring to Interfere with the successful con duct of the war. On February 18 they were sentenced to 20 years' imprison ment. On March 2 Herbert Hoover was appointed by the president to be di rector general of Americnn relief among the population of Europe. Because of the necessity for legis lation to meet the new after-war con ditions. President Wilson on May 7, by cable from Paris, called a special ses sion of congress to convene May 19. On May 10 the campaign for the Vic tory Liberty lonn, the last popular wnr loan, closed with a heavy oversub scription of the $4,500,000,000 bond Issue, The special session of the Sixty sixth congress opened on May 19 with he Republicans in control of both house and senate for the first time since 1912. The bouse of representa tives was organized by the election of Congressman Gillett of Massachusetts ns speaker. In the sennte Senator Cummins of Iowa was elected presi dent pro tern. One of the first acts of the new house was to puss the woman suffrage amendment to the Constitution by a vote of 304 to S9. The amendment wns again brought up In the senate on June 4 nnd this time wns adopted by a vote of 50 to 25. The activities of anarchistic ele ments were manifested on June 2 when bombs were exploded slmultan- I eously nt the residences of ten men In eight Eastern cities. On July 1 the war-time emergency prohibition act went Into effect nnd for the first time In history the sale of liquor wns Illegal throughout tho United Stntes. On July 12 President Wilson vetoed the agricultural appro printlon bill becnuse of a "rider" re pealing the daylight saving law. Con gress promptly passed n sepnrate bill repealing the daylight saving law nnd when President Wilson vetoed this measure, both houses passed the bill over his veto on August 20. The country wns aroused during the summer by a series of rnce riots, the first of which occurred In Washington on July 21. Four persons were killed In the rioting at the capital. On July 27 the most serious race Hots of the year began In Chicago. It was found tiecessnry to cnll out stnte troops nnd before order hnd been restored 3.1 persons hnd been killed nnd hundreds Injured. In recognition of the services which he rendered us commander-in-chief of the Americnn expeditionary forces, General Pershing was made a general for life by act of congress. His com mission was handed to him ns he InnuVd on September S at New York with the FiM divialon. Serious Industrial disturbances were prevalent during the greater part of the year In all countries that had been engaged In war. The series of great strikes in the United States was in augurated on January 9 by a walk out of marine workers In New York This strike was of short duration, how ever, as it ended on January 12, pend ing an arbitration of the dispute by the war labor board. South America apparently was affected nlso by new conditions ns great strikes were in progress during January in Argentina and Peru. On February 6 the country was startled by announcement of a gen eral strike In Seattle called In sup port of striking shipbuilders. Author ities announced that this strike was forced by the radical labor element and prompt measures were taken by Mayor Ole Hanson to suppress it. As a result the strike ended on February 10. On February 16 n nation-wide strike of building trades workers was started and on March 4 the marine workers in New York again went out. On April 15 a strike of gin operators tied up the telephone service through out the New England states, but this was ended on April 20 by a compro mise wage increase. On July 18 the Building Employers' Pn 2Ctiiii f fn if fli ra trn ..imKu f ill or a strike of building workers, locked out 200,000 employees. On the same day Boston street car employees went on strike. Chicago surface and elevated car men struck on July 29 but the strike ended three days later with a compromise wage agreement. Rail way shopmen throughout the country struck on August 1 for an increase from G8 cents to 85 cents an hour, but the strike wns called oTn August 14. ,On August 7 there was Inaugurated In New York one of the most unusual strikes on record a walkout of actors. The strike spread to Chicago and was not settled until September 6 when the actors won. On September 9 the largest part o"f the Boston police force went on strike after the suspension of patrolmen ac tive in forming a union. Rioting fol lowed in which seven persons were killed. The striking policemen voted on September 12 to return to duty. On September 22 steel workers throughout the country went on strike, demanding wage Increases and shorter hours. Many plants were closed for a short time but the strikers soon weak ened and within n few weeks prac tically normal conditions were re stored. .On October 6 nn industrial confer ence called by President Wilson, rep resenting labor, capital and the public, opened its sessions in Washington, but after Ineffectual attempts to agree upon n proposal to recognize the prin ciple of collective bargaining, the la bor members withdrew on October 22 and two days later the conference came to an end without having ac complished any result. On October 15 bituminous coal min ers were ordered to quit work on Oc tober 31 upon failure of the miners and operators to agree upon a new schedule of wages and hours. The lenders of the miners refused to con sider an appeal by President Wilson to call off the strike, pending nu ef fort to effect n compromise, and the government proceeded to take vigor ous stops to prevent the shutting of the mines. The department of jus tice obtained nn Injunction from Fed eral Judge Anderson nt Indianapolis to prevent the leaders of the union from directing the strike, which, how ever, began on November 1. The shortage of conl, especially In the middle nnd western states, became nlnrniing ' nnd the situation wns ren dered worse by n severe cold wnve. The fuel administration nnd local commissions put Into effect drastic orders for conservation of conl. Pres ident Wilson then proposed thnt the miners accept n wage Increase of 14 per cent nnd return to work at once nnd thnt n commission of three to he appointed by him Investigate and set tle wages and conditions for the fu ture. This plan wns nccepted by the miners on December 10 nnd coal pro duction was resumed. compaisled by airplane, crossed tt border in search of the bandit. Ir--Ident Carranza demanded the with drawal of the United States tniops. but his demand win ignored. The punitive epedi?loti itt;n k.-.I a bandit stronghold cn August 21. tilling four men. but cm August 21 the pursuit was abandoned and the troops returns! to the United States. The relations between Mexl,o and the United States reached a crisis on November 19 when Secretary of State Lansing dispatched a note demanding the Immediate unconditional release of William O. Jenkins. United States consular a'ent at Puebla. who bad been arrested on charges of complic ity with bandits ulm kidnaped him ami held him for $ 15D.0t.tt ransom. A few days later Jenkius was released on bail, but this Aid not relieve the strained relations. Mexico and the United States. Conditions In Mexico continued to provide a perplexing problem for the United States government during the year 1019. A report on July 0 that armed Mex icans hnd attacked nnd robbed a boat load of American sailors near Tntu pleo caused bitter feeling nnd on Au gust 17 this wns Intensified by the cap ture of two Unlled States army avia tors by bandits, who held them for $15,000 ransom. The ransom wns paid by the Unlled States government on August 19, uud a troop of cuvulry, uc- Aeronautics. As a result of the great develop ment of aviation during the war. rapid progress was made during the year in the use of both dirigibles and heavier-than-uir machines for commercial pur poses. On May 8 three United Stales navy seaplanes started from New York on the first trans-Atlantic flight by way of Halifax, N. S. ; Trepassay Bay, Newfoundland, and the Azores. One of these machines, the NC-4 arrived at Lisbon, Portugal, on May 27, hav ing completed the first flight across the Atlantic in actual flying time of 2G hours, 47 minutes from Newfound land to Portugal. Fog caused the oth er two planes to lose their course. Two British aviators. Harry G. Hawker and Lieutenant Commander Mackenzie Grieve, left Newfoundland on May 18 in the first attempt to cross the Atlantic without stop. Engine trouble forced them to descend 850 miles from Ireland nnd the avlutora were picked up by a passing vessel. The first non-stop flight across the Atlantic was made on June 14 nnd 15 by Cnpt. John Alcock, British flyer, nnd Lieut. Arthur W. Brown, his American navigator, who covered the 1,900 miles from Newfoundland to Ire land in 16 hours and 12 minutes. The British dirigible R-34, carrying 31 persons, started from Edinburgh on a trans-Atlantic flight to New York on July 2 and reached its destination on July 6. It made the return trip with out mishap in three days and three hours. Roland Rholfs, in a Curtiss trlplane, made a new altitude record on Sep tember 18 by ascending 34,610 feet. A transcontinental airplane race was started simultaneously at San Francis co and New York on October 8 with 05 competitors. Five aviators vet, , killed during this race. Lieut. Alexan- ' der Pearson was declared the winner. On December 10 Capt. Ross Smith of Australia completed an airplane trip from England to Port Darwin, Australia, in 30 days. Necrology. Death took a heavy toll among the leaders In many fields of world activ ity during 1919. The most prominent of Americans who passed away during the year was former President Theo dore Roosevelt, who died suddenly at his home at Oyster Buy on January 6. The following are among the more prominent men and women who died during the year: January 4, Count George F. von Hertling, former German chancellor; January 8, Maj. Gen. J. Franklin Bell, U. S. A.; January 12, Sir Charles Wyndham, English actor; Janui.-y 31, Nathaniel C. Goodwin, famous Americnn comedian; February 17, Sir Wilfried Laurier, former premier of Canada; February 22, William P. Bor land, representative in congress from Missouri ; Dr. Mary Walker, former army surgeon and noted as an advo- . cute of male attire for women ; Febru ary 27, George F. Edmunds, former United States senator from Vermont; March 10, Mrs. Amelia E. Barr, au thor; April 4, William Crookes, fa mous British chemist nnd physicist; April 9, Sidney Drew, comedian; April 21, Jules Vedrlnes, noted From;!) avia tor; May 19. Edward Payson Call, prominent newspaper publisher of Boston, Philadelphia and New York; May 2!), Robert Bacon, former secre tary of state and former ambassador to France; June 5, Manuel Franco, president of Paraguay; June 11, John C. Spooner, former United States sen ator from Wisconsin; June 12, James A. Tuwney, former representative in congress from Minnesota; June 14, Ernest Lister, governor of Washing ton; July 2, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, former president of National Woman's Suffrage association; July 20, Sir Ed ward John Poynter. English painter, president of the Royal academy; Au gust 1. Oscar Ilammersteln, theatrical nnd operntlc producer; August 11. An drew Carnegie, veteran steel manufac turer and philanthropist; August 28, Gen. Louis Bothn, premier of the Union of South Africa ; September C, Admiral Baron Charles William Beres fonl. British naval commander nnd critic; September 0. John Mitchell, la bor leader; September 21. Theodore P. Shouts, president of the Inter borough Rapid Transit company of New York nnd former chnlruuiu of tho Isthmian ctmnl commission; Septem ber 27, Adellnn Pnttl, famous operatic singer; October 19. William Waldorf Astor, former Americnn millionaire who beenme a British peer; October 21, Alfred T. Ringling, head of Ihe fa mous circus family; October 30. Mrs. Kiln Wheeler Wilcox, writer; Novem ber 1, Col. J. D. Bell, commander In chief of the G. A. It.; November 12, Thomns S. Martin. United States sen ntor front Virginia : December 2, Henry Clay Frlck, steel magnate and philanthropist.