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THE PENSACOLA JOURNAL, MONDAY, MORNING, OCTOBER 27, 1919, DAILY WEEKLY SUNDAY Journal Publishing Company OIS K. MAYES, President. WAYNE THOMAS. Vice-President and Manager. HOWARD LttE MATF6, Secretary and Treasurer. Conducted from U92 to 1915 TTnder tt Editorship and Management of Cot- Frank L. Mayes. MEMBER ASSOCIATED PRESS American Newspaper Publishers Association Florida ires Association. Bouthern Newspaper Publishers' Association T SUBSCRIPTION RATERS One Week. Dallv unA Knniliv .is .XI .15 1.65 S.2S Two Week. Daily and Hunday On Month. TDatlv and Sunday . inree Montns, raiiy and Sunday 1 Rlx Months. Dally and Sunday One Tear. Dally and Sunday Rnnday Only. One Tear Too Weekly Journal, One Tear Mall subscriptions are payable in advance. U.bO 1.60 1 BUSINESS OFFICE tspT EDITORIAL. DEFT PHflNRS E&JreJ PHONES Trim, and Mer. 1500 Manarln Editor 31 AdTertlstnr -.rr i Stl rtncfetv Editor M Office; Journal BMr.. Cor. Intendoncia and DeLuna Sta The Associated. Press is exclusively entitled te tne as for republication of aO news credited to it or not ctnerwise credited In this paper and also to local news poDtipnea. Entered as second class matter at the postcWce n rensacola. Fla., under Act of Congress, March isi. Represented In the Oenerat Advertising Field by CONK. LORENZEN A WOODMAN New York, CnUr&ro. Detroit. Kansas City, Atlanta. PENSACOLA. FLA, MONDAY. OCT. 27. 1919. ' A CENTENNIAL RESUME Many reasons may be urged by Pensacola' for holding: the centennial In this city, but the foremost claim of all may be found In the fact that not only Is the centennial Intended to commemorate historical events which have transpired here, but that the movement for a centennial celebration was origi nated by a Pensacollan, ' former Senator John B. Jones, and has been fostered by the people of this community; while it is frankly acknowledged by friends of the centennial movement for Jacksonville that that city has slept at the post. The Florida purchase centennial had its inception, June, 1915, when the Florida legislature adopted res olutions for holding the centennial exposition at Pen sacola. ' ' In NoVember, 1915, the city commissioners ap pointed a centennial committee of fifty of the most prominent citizens of Pensacola, to organize and work out plans for holding the centennial here. This committee adopted resolutions favoring an exposition international In its scope and asked tho aid and cooperation of the United States govern ment. In December, 1915, George Hervey, then a citizen of Pensacola, was delegated by the city commis sioners to take the resolution to Washington, for the purpose of placing It before the Florida delega tion In congress. January 15, 1916, Senator Nathan P. Bryan pre sented the resolutions of the Florida Centennial committee of Pensacola to the senate of the United States and the committee received the assurance of the government that the matter would be taken up and acted upon. Each of the senators and congressmen In Wash ington wrote to the citizens' committee, promising assistance in accordance with their desires, as ex pressed in the resolution. Pending action by con gress, the citizens' committee communicated with Col. Charles Collier, managing director of the San Diego exposition, and other prominent men connect ed with great expositions. Reports were received and plans were being per fected for carrying on the exposition and for obtain ing from the legislature of 1917 legislation necessary to authorize the various counties of the state to co operate with the centennial committee and the na tional government in handling the exposition, when the world war stopped any further action. Although the city, at the meeting of the 1917 ses sion of the legislature, secured an amendment to the charter, empowering Pensacola to issue $500,000 bonds for the purpose of holding the centennial, the matter was held in abeyance until the armistice was signed. mTrf!!atelv. on the signing of the armis tice, the city commissioners renewed action and again applied for an amendment to the city charter, through the legislature of 1919. to enable them to carry on the exposition. The people of 1915 manifested a desire to celebrate the centennial in a fitting way. and the sentiment 1 a never abated, but has stead My grown, until it has embraced not only Pensac.la. but all West Florida, which are united in a common effort to fight for the historical rights thtit are theirs, and the opportunities for development which are the outgrowth of a movement which had Its Inception in this city. THE SOCIAL UNIT PLAN That the social unit plan of electing "block work ers" to represent the people of their blocks in a neighborhood council and serve their social needs is the cornerstone of community organization in this country and is working out admirably, was asserted by John Lovejoy Elliott, president of the National Association of Neighborhood Houses and headwork er of Hudson guild. New York, who addressed the opening session of the Social Unit convention In Cincinnati. The National Social Unit organization, a group of men and women, anxious to get away from pater nalism and charity and put the administration of all communltyaffalrs on a completely democratic basis have been conducting an experiment in community organization In a section of Cincinnati for the past two and a "half years. - The conference met to con sider the launching of a national community move ment on the basis of the organization plan which has been put to test. Under this plan units of a hun dred families elect representatives to a plan forming body to make social programs for the neighborhood. Dr. Elliott has made a personal Investigation of the social unit plan for a committee of neighborhood workers and represented their point of view at the conference. "The great majority of citizens are separated in their dally life and thinking from actual, organized, community life, said Dr. Elliott. "Most of the plans that have been proposed in the name of community organization are very vague. "It is Just in this particular that the plan of the National Social Unit Organization Is strong. It brings the experts in direct touch and co-operation with the representatives of the citizens. The block workers are neighbors, who Tcnow the local sltua ;Ion; through their weekly meetings they develop jomradeship in meeting problems. They know verybody in their blocks. TheyN are taught and '.earn through experience about the expert resources hich can be called on. ; GENERAL TRADE SITUATION The monthly bulletin issued by the American Ex change National Bank carries the following com ment on the general trade situation of the country: Marked improvement In general confidence in the face of the disturbances incident to the steel and other strikes, proved to be the most important de velopment of the- month. The conversion of the strike from a threat to an actuality apparently released the country as a whole from the restraints that earlier In the month promised to unfavorably affect business. Outside of the steel and allied trades the strike was ignored. This attitude was based on con fidence in a common sense settlement of the dif ferences and upon an understanding of the strong position of the country as a factor in the economic structure of the world. " . Unfilled steel orders at the end of August were the largest since January. Building, especially in the West and Soutiwest, showed a further tendency to expand. In the East and particularly New York, lockouts, and strikes continued to retard construc tion. The railroad administration placed additional orders for 200,000 tons of rails. Road building in various parts of the country contributed to the gen eral activity. Unemployment practically disappear ed and complaints of a lack of employment in the preceding month gave way to conplalnts on the part of employers of a lack of men. There was no evidence of a decrease In the buying power of the people. Luxury goods continued in heavy demand. The demand tor furniture and Jew elry was particularly good. The furniture manufac turers are working at capacity, and the Jewelry trade Is experiencing almost unbelievable prosperity. Fab ulous prices are being paid for diamonds and the better qualities of jewelry. The domestic demand or jewelry is supplemented by an unusually heavy export demand. Tne dry gooas traae nas experi enced little difficulty in disposing of goods to a fur ther increase in prices at retail as a result of further advances at the mills. There was improvement inthe general export sit uation. Some hesitation developed in the export trade following the heavy breaks "in exchange. The recovery set in about the middle of the month. Freight room was reported well filled from that time forward and charters were more general. Coal, lumber and grain formed the principal exports. There was a particularly heavy movement of coal. The excess of our exports over imports in August has been exceeded only twice in history. Our sur plus exports for the year are already $1,000,000,000 In excess of last year. The exchange situation showed some improvement, partly as a result of the strike and because of a renewal of the effort to im prove the situation through loans. - The countries whose exchange has been unfavorably affected are manifesting more concern than they did a month ago. Talk of a general loan to the allied countries was renewed. RED CROSS FIGHTS ILLITERACY While the primary purpose of the Amerjcan Red Cross is to prevent disease, relieve suffering and minister to the stricken, it is a notable fact that its labors do not end there and that the results It is achieving are by no means confined to the field of public health. V The question of illiteracy," for instance, a question that particularly concerns the south, is one that does not fall properly into the province of the Red Cross, yet during the past few months the Red Cross has taken a distinctive part in the fight against illit eracy, a part, too, which in this case perhaps no other organization could have so readily and suc cessfully filled. We refer to illiteracy among soldiers demobilized from service. The United States government, through the federal bureau for vocational training, provided these men with the means to educate them selves for the trade or profession of their choice, to better their old positions In the world held be fore they entered service, or to overcome- the han-dicap--of crippled arms, wooden legs and lost eye sight by learning new businesses possible despite their afflictions. But providing the training was only half the battle; the other half was In provid ing the students. Many men were not aware of the existence of such an opportunity or had heard of it only casually. Others wished to take the training but did not know how to go about it. Still more were in a frame of mind to "pass it up" either through ignorance of its real value, mere indiffer ence, lack of ambition or any one of a hundred rea sons. To such the Red Cross proved itself a true friend. We are told by the federal board for voca tional training that seventy-five per cent of the ap plicants it received in the past month were sent to it by the Red Cross, which acted as the intermediary between the board and the men, furnishing informa tion, giving advice and oftentimes urging an indif ferent or despondent soldier into seizing the chance which meant for him a new foot-hold on life. Had it not been for the Red Cross, thousands of men would have fallen back into the old rut and other thousands, crippled and despairing, would have lost all hope and happiness. Not only do they owe the Red Cross a debt of gratitude, but so, too, does the public. Considering the real value of such ser vice as this, one does not hesitate to urge for the Red Cross the utmost support of all individuals and communities in Its peace-time program. The after care of soldiers and sailors, particularly in the mat ter of emergency training, was a. genuine' emergency in our national life. The Red Cross' filled a role in that emergency promptly and voluntarily as none other could have filled it. Other emergencies will arise in the future, and we can look to the Red Cross if properly supported now, to meet them with equal success. ATHLETICS IN COLLEGE - Tne old program of college athletics wis intended to turn out a crackerjack football team, a corking good baseball club, a small but prize winning aggre gation of track stars, and the rest of the students sat in the grandstand. " s j . . -v. - The new idea, a3 proposed by Adelbert College of Western Reserve University, sacrifices the few for the many. "Each student will leaipri the rudiments of football, basketball, wrestling, boxing and other plays," says the college bulletin. "In this way not merely a picked few 'experts on the Varsity, but every man in college will be a member of some athletic team, and derive physical benefits. "The new system of physical education for1 every man recognizes the injustice of the old method by which a selected few received the benefits of ath letics while the large majority of students sat in the" stands and applauded." Equal opportunity for physical development to every student thus goes hand in hand with equal opportunity for mental development. This seems to be a close approach to democracy In college athletics. It promises a healthier, stronger, sturdier crop of college graduates in the future. Historic Sketch of Fort George 1772 Renamed St. Michael in 1783 ' (By MRS. EMMA HULSE TAYLOR) 1 (Written by Request) The administration of Governor Peter Chester, 1772. the fourth and last English governor of West Florida, of which Pensacola was the capital and a military post. Was marked by improvement in civil service, discipline and new and more efficient de fences for the town and harbor. After consultation with the military commanders of the province and discussion with" engineers over plans of defense, a fort was built by order of Gen eral Gage, commander-in-chief of all the British forces In North America,- This fort was named Vort George, for his majesty, George 111, ' and built on Gage HilL f In the center of the fortress, was the council chamber of the province, the - repository of its archieves, the rendezvous, where official business was transacted and discussed, audiences given to Indian chiefs and delegations. During British rule there was no civil government in West Florida. Fort George was a quadrangle with bastions at each corner. There were within the fort a powder magazine and barracks for the garrison, besides the council chamber, before men tioned. (Panton and Leslie's papers.) The most prosperous days of Pensacola were from 1772 to 1781 during British occupation. The military condition of West Florida changed as the Revolu tionary war progressed. The call for troops in the northern colonies had by 1778 reduced the force of the province to 500 men. This reduction was considered prudent on account of surrounding peace conditions. Early the following year Spain threw off her mask. adopting a course Justifying the suspicions of the British concerning her war-like intentions, becom ing an ally of France, but not of the United States. In pursuance of that plan, Galvez, designed to as sail the British forces in West Florida, before they could obtain reinf oroements. The latter months of 1780 Pensacola and the gar rison of Fort George were on the point of starva tion; all the resources of the British government seem to have been required for the great struggle of 1781 on the Atlantic coast. Galvez conquest of the Mississippi posts, had cut off supplies from the rich country lying between Mobile Bay and the Mississippi. This state of suf fering was suddenly changed by the capture of sev eral merchant vessels loaded with provisions and one with powder, by a British cruiser. Such are the fortunes of war! General Campbell having perfected the defenses of Fort George directed his attention to other points. providing with heavy artillery that could be spared from Fort George. On March 9, General Campbell's impatient waiting for General Galvez was brought to a close. A sig nal from the waTshlp Mentor informed the British that the Spaniards were approaching for the strug gle, for mastery in West Florida. The next morning 33 Spanish ships under Admiral Solano were landing troops and artillery. On March 11 .the Spanish opened fire oh the Mentor, lying in the harbor near Santa Rosa island. Galvez, even after he found himself in possession of the harbor with a large fleet and a large land fferce, awaited further rein forcements. - Whitst awaiting these a landing was attempted. This was frustrated by a body of Indians and part of the garrison of Fort George with two pieces of field artillery. The surprised Spanish took to their boats. In the attack many were killed, and in the confusion, others were drowned. On the 22nd a suc cessful landing was effected, establishing camps nearer the town and the fort. (Fort San Bernardo de Galvez erected by the Spaniards about three quarters of a mile north of Fort George, about on the same lines but powerful and concealed by un dergrowth and pines). Their temerity invited rebuke; a surprise was pre pared for them by the British, but their plan was exposed by two deserters from the fort, telling of location of magazine and points of defense. That disclosure sealed the fate of Fort George, that angle became the mark of every shot and shell. On the morning of May 8 there occurred an explo sion which shook Gage Hill to Its foundation. A yawning breach was made in the fort; fifty men were killed, and as many more wounded seriously. But there was no panic in Fort George. Calmly, the British commander orders every gun to charged and many moved to sweep the breach. be , That work done he hoisted a white flag and sent an officer to the Spanish general, with a communi cation. An offer to capitulate upon the following terms: The troops to march out at the breach with flying colors and drums beating, each man with six cart ridges in his cartridge box; at the distance of 500 paces, arms were ko be stacked, officers to retain their swords all the troops to be shipped as. soon as possible to a British port, to be designated by the British commander, at the expense of the Spanish under parole, not to serve against Spain or her al lies until an equal number of the same rank of Spaniards were exchanged; care of the sick and wounded remaining and to be forwarded as soon as recovered. The formal signing of the articles of capitulation in the council chamber of Fort George which oc curred on May 9th immediately before the British marched out. ' On June 4th the, British troops sailed for Havana. The fort was renamed St. Michael in 1783 when Florida became a Spanish colony. There was no bloody battle in, or near Fdrt George in 1812. General Jackson fought in the southeastern por tion of the town: where the governor Jn person, bearing a white flag and an offer to surrender at discretion, met him and ordered Captain Soto to sur render the fort. It was dismantle il by General Jackson, who was about to send a detachment to San Carlos de Bar rancas, when on November 8th the British spiked the guns, blew up San Carlos and took to their ships (of which there were seven) and sailed from the harbor. - , The Demi Lune in front of San Carlos de Bar rancas is not a ruin and was not blown up when San Carlos was destroyed. The subterranean pass age connecting the two, was reconstructed when San Carlos de Barrancas was rebuilt by the United States army engineers. ' - , Notes by Dr. James S. Herron A Spanish scholar of note who delighted in trans lating documents in Spanish archieves relating to Colonial Florida. His residence stands on the site of the council chamber of Fort George. The present southeastern boundary of the grounds on North Pal afox street shows a well preserved portion of the , UNIVERSAL BROTHERHOOD BY' UNIVERSAL TRAININQ Cantonment Training Develops Manhood and Removes Class Distinction.' It Is the Real Melting-Pot. I .3 WHAT HAPPENED OCT. 27. 1914 Allies repulse .invaders who had forced a passage across the Yser; also make progress between Ypres ami Roulers Germans make new stand in Poland; reinforcements from East Prussia join the German left flank; desperate fighting on a 70 mile front. 1915 Germans open route to Turkey link ing up with Bulgers in Serbia; British join French in South Trade protest goes to England; Germany plans em bargo on all exports Germans pierco Dvlnsk defense but are driven back German assaults on Champagne break down under heavy allied artillery fire. 1916 Von Mackensen allows Rumanians no respite; attacks ' with full force while defenders retreat to new line of defense; to make stand in positions I earth works of the quadrangular fort. During excavations for bnilding his residence, many shattered shells and shot were found by the doctor and treasured by him as relics of the war like history of his Fort Hill home, an echo from British colonial Florida, an explosion of the magazine in Fort George. References. Dr. James Herron, Authentic Histo ry of Pensacola and Vicinity Spanish Archives Campbell's Colonial Florida Patton & Leslie's Papers. VIEWS OF JOU RIVAL R E ADERS The Journal is glad to print short communications from read ers on any topic of Interest. Letters should be typewritten if possible, and double spaced. SUGAR HOARDING. Editor Pensacola Journal: I noticed a news article in your Friday paper headed like this: Prison Faces Violators of New Food Bill. Reading the article I find It pre scribes a maximum penalty of $5,000 fine and two years imprisonment for violation thereof. Now, Mr. Editor, we know that none of the many profit eers will ever receive any such fine as that, no matter how flagrantly they gouged the public. We would like for Mr. Figgto have stated the minimum. I presume it is such a small amount he would not take up jpace ;u your paper to mention it. Now if the above-mentioned fne was the minimum instead of the maxi mum, believe me, profiteering would be immediately a thing of the past. This robbery and , exploitation' of the masses of the people hap very near reached its crisis. It requires heroic treatment for chronic ills. So if this gouging is ever going to stop before this thing comes to a climax, there is really some strong action . needed to produce results Mr. Figg states in his article that the people of the United States can BANK on lower prices. I hope this gentleman knows what he is talking about. Our president said prices would be reduced in ,39 days. The time will soon be up, . and the V And long before the time had come, Shop yards were made nice and clean. All block and jacks are placed in order, And every little thing, Is picked up and put in place. Others can do the same. The safety drive Is on, my brother, And it applies to all the same. Shops maintenance and office forces, And the men who run the train. All are interested in the movement, From Florida clear to Maine, Pledged to do all that's In our power, And make general the campaign. To promote the rule ot eaftey, And a record to attain, On all government controlled rail roads. Throughout this vast domain. You may read my little poem, It won't take so very Ion?, It may be of Interest to you. To know that this was done. I composed it at my leisure, Different times as I walked along, The object is, to remind you That the safety drive is on. J. D. RAWLS. across Dobrudja from Hirsova to Cas apkeul; in northwest of Rumania von Falkenhyn's army nears Campulung, 20 miles within the frontier. ' 1017 . Italian losses in retreat; from Isonzo front now reach 60,000 prisoners and 500 guns; von Mackensen leads invad ing armies which push towards the plains Second Liberty Loan an "over whelming success," says Secretary Mc Adoo;, total $4,617,532,300. 1918 German note, to Wilson says people rule and country awaits proposals for armistice French progress beyond the Oise; General Debeney's army pene trates 15 mile front to depth of 5 miles at some points General Allenby cap tures Aleppo from the Turks cutting the Constantinople-Bagdad railroad Italians and British cross the Piave. PENSACOLA TOWN prices are up, too. Here's hoping that Something will be done before the al loted time is actually up. Now, Mr. Editor, can you tell us who has the sugar? Some say there are several carloads in town. I haven't been able to get any of it. I know one firm that has it. They won't sell only to those who buy $2 worth of groceries from them and only sell two pounds at that. So if that bunch of sweetness is in town someone is on the jobVkeep ing It for higher prices. (Signed) W. H. HAWKINS. Words by Sidney J. Levy. Music by A. C. Reflly. Sort er hnte to leave the White LiKhts, Want to lintrer on Bro.i'lwav, Groat old spot for a vacation. "When you've just a little wh!e stay. But after all It's Juxt a notion, 'Cause no matter where you roam. You sefm to hear the strain ox Dixie, BrlnKlns? thoughts of homo, sweet home. Chorus In Pensacola town, in ren?se"! town. You will like It. when you strike After traveling the worM nrriuna. Girls, the sweetest of all Dixie. Tot of six and dears of sixty, All the time, all for mine, Pensacola town. RAILROAD ACCIDENT PREVENTION DRIVE Railroads Throughout the Country Ob serve Oct. 13 to 31 for a Saftey Campaign. We look forward to a week of safety. With interest true and keen, - Two years ago today. Octobe. 27, 1917, American troops nred their firbt shot, and the t " case was preserved for Wilson. Find another artilleryman. Answer to Saturday's puzzle: Upside down, nose at elbowr. 1 in France Presides