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FULTON" CO. TRIHITXE, WAI'SEOX. TIIURSDA V, SEPT. 15
ndeten3etvoe
Daddy's
"Humanizing" the American Parcel Post Service
?d6eiii6
Fairy Tale
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By JOHN DICKINSON SHERMAN.
HIS Is the centenary of ' the Inde
pendence of Peru and. Peru has been
celebrating the anniversary with pomp
and circumstance at Its capital, Lima,
and elsewhere. Virtually all the lead
ing nations of the world,, as well as
the smaller ones, were Invited to par
ticipate in the celebration. Most of
them accepted and took part.
The United States sent the battle
ships Oklahoma and Arizona and a
special embassy headed by Albert -Douglas.
France, Italy and Spain al
so sent battleships; the French em
bassy included General Mangin, the defender of
Verdun. Great Britain sent Geri. Lord Dundonald,
grandson of that Lord Cochrane who played so
large a part In the liberation of Peru. Argentina
Kent two battleships, an embassy and a regiment
of grenadiers, the traditional descendants of the'
troops which accompanied Gen. Jose de San Mar
tin, Peru's liberator. Eighteen nations sent em
bassies and thirteen others sent special missions.
Possibly the princlpul feature of the celebration
wus the unveiling of an equestrian statue of Gen.
Jose de San Martin, (177S-1850). the Argentine
leader who was the leading figure in the campaign
for Peru's independence. San Martin was born
In Argentine and served in Spain against the
French U793-1811), attaining the rank of lleuten
'nut colonel. In 1812 he went to Buenos Aires and
Joined the patriots who declared Argentine's Inde
pendence In 1810. He did something new in
striking at the Spanish In I'eru by marching over
the Andes to Chile. He declined the office of
supreme director of Chile, after his march resulted
In that country's freedom. After his operations
had won Lima, he was proclaimed supreme pro
tector of Peru.' He resigned the office In 1822 and
took no further part in South American affairs.
During the celebration the Peruvian government
issued a decree through. President Legula provid
ing for the erection in Lima of a monument to
George Washington as -
"A model of exemplary citizenship and in view
of the fact that tiie political emancipation of the
United States was the forerunner of the indepen
dence of the Hispano-Amerlcan nations.?
This action of the Peruvian government is well
taken and the decree is based on historical truth.
The success of the American Revolution of 1778
. and that of France' of 1789 encouraged the hopes
of the Hispano-Amerlcan patriots who were
oreamlng of liberty. These hopes became brighter
ctlll .upon the conquest of Spain by France In.
1807-3. . .
Moreover, the constitutions which were formed
In South America during the protracted struggle
for independence from Spain were often modeled
upon the Constitution of the United States. It Is
true, however, that since 1830 constitutional devel
opment in South America In general has been
away from, the North American federal idea and
toward the so-called unitary system in which
large powers are vested in the national govern
ment. In fact at present all the South American
institutions are more or less unitary, with the
exception of those of the Argentine Republic, Bra
til' and Venezuela, -
In the beginning Spain entrusted the government
' of Spanish' America to special agents of the throne
called viceroys and captains general. Thus In 1778
there were three viceroys In South America. ,One
In Bogata controlled the northwest, the viceroyalty
of New Grenada. A second in Buenos Aires con
trolled the southeast, the viceroyalty of La Plata.
The third in Lima controlled a large part of the
west, the viceroyalty of Peru. One captain gen
eral controlled Chile and another Venezuela. Bra
til was Portuguese territory. Peru was the center
of Spanish powr. So, when the provinces began
to break away from Spain, it was those at a dis
tance from Pern that first became free.
Venezuela was the first of the Spanish American
political divisions to declare Its Independence from
Spain, In 1811. After the patriots under Simon
Bolivar had defeated the royalists, a state known
as Great Colombia was established in the north;
la 1830 It broke into three states: Venezuela,
Colombia and Ecuador.
In 1816 the United ProvinVes of La Plata the
historical antecedent of the Argentine Republic
adopted a declaration of Independence. Then
came Peru and Bolivia. By 1831 there were In
Spanish America nine Independent states: Ven
ezuela. Colombia, ' Ecuador, Peru. Bolivia. Chile,
Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentine. Since then
the history of these independent states has been
marked by many revolutions and dictatorships.
Since Lima was the center of Spanish power In
America, the Independence of Peru was essential
lo the continued Indejiendenee of the free states.
' Now In Peru, although the Creoles (American-born
Spaniards) were dissatisfied, the bulk of the pop
ulation was not disloyal. Uprisings In 1811 and
1814 resulted only In the defeat and execution of
the leaders. Still, in 1817 Gen. Joaquin de la
A .3. ZJZtgZZZg:, FK&mZ2Yri922
Pezuela, the last of the 44 legally constituted vice
roys of Peru, reported that the whole country was
ripe for rebellion, and that, although he realized
the danger, he was unable to take effective precau
tionary means, since he could in no way foretell
from what direction the blow would come. The
loyal troops at his disposal amounted to 23,000 men
7,815 In Lima and Callao ; 8,485 quartered at Cuz
co, Arequipa, and Xauxa ; 6,000 in upper Peru ; and
700 at Pisco and Caneta on the coast.
So It was that preparations to free Peru from
Spain were largely made In .distant Buenos Aires.
In 1814 General de San Martin began the task of
creating the "Andes Army," his plan of campaign
being to march across the Andes to Chile. Jan
uary 17, 1817, he began his march, with 260 regi
mental officers and 2,500 foot soldiers. There were
three divisions under Generals Las Heras, Al
va rn do and Conde. There were 1,600 horses and
9,281 mules with supplies and equipment.
The army, crossing through Uspallata pass (12,
500 feet) entered Santiago in February. The bat
tie of Malpu, April 5, ended Spanish power In
Chile. Then San Martin induced the Chileans to
gather a fleet, without which successful Invasion
of Peru could not be made.
Lord Cochrane, a British nobleman with a dis
tinguished naval record, accepted command of the
fleet and hoisted his flag on the O'HIggins Decem
ber 22, 1818. All the ships were commanded by
British officers; the one exception was. Captain
Worster, an American. After several cruises and
some minor fighting the fleet returned to Val
paraiso in December, 1819. By this time General
de San Martin was nearly ready to embark, having
obtained aid from the foreign merchants of Buenos
Aires. In August of 1820 he had at Valparaiso
a orce of 4,500 five Infantry battalions and two
regiments of cavalry. .
August 21 General de San Martin's expedition
sailed from Valparaiso, Lord Cochrane in command
of the fleet. September 7 the troops landed in Par
accas bay. After a successful expedition to the
interior, San Martin re-embarked and, established
headquarters to the north of Lima.
Sah Martin had wisely chosen his headquarters
as near the capital as possible. On December 3,
1820, an entire Spanish battalion, 650 strong, con
sisting chiefly of Colombians, went over to the pa
triots and, shortly afterwards, 38 Peruvian officers
and a number pf cadets arrived from Lima. San
Martin's line now extended from the sea to Say
an, a distance of about 20 miles; the Spanish-army,
under Pezuela, occupying a position about 6 miles
north of Lima. Early in 1821 discontent ' arose
among the officers In the Spanish army, and on
the 29th of January, an insubordinate letter signed
by all of the generals was addressed to the vlce-
roy, calling upon him to resign and to deliver his
command to Gen. Jose de la Serna. Pezuela had
no alternative but to obey, says the Bulletin of the
Pan-American Union.
Immediately after the deposition of the viceroy
Snn Martin raised the first battalion of Peruvians.
Regardless of the irregularity, de la Serna was de
clared viceroy, being eventually recognized by the
Spanish government, and an emissary arrived
from Spain to ascertain the demands of the patri
ots and arrange a compromise. San Martin, de
claring an armistice of 20 days, proposed as a
basis of peace, recognition of the Independence of
the country, the establishment of a provisional con
stitution until the election of a congress and the
ascension of a Bourbon prince to the throne of
Peru. The new viceroy assented, but his generals
insisted upon the rejection o these proposals. The
negotiations were discontinued In May.
Soon after this the royalists found it necesssary
to evacuate the coast, being without ships and
cut off from ail means of communication. The
royalist general, Canterac, marched Into the In
terior In June, while the viceroy, having garrisoned
and provisioned Callao castle (which in September
surrendered to the Protector) left Lima, July 6.
On the night of July 9, Gen. San Martin entered
the capital of Peru, and on July 28, 1821, the in
dependence of Peru was proclaimed, San Martin
being unanimously acclaimed Protector. This of
fice he held until the establishment of the Peruvl-
IN THE SHOP.
"Ah," said Mr. Goldfish, "we add
to the beauty of this shop. Some of
our family have been put in the win
dow which looks out upon the street
so that when people pass by they can
see the beautiful members of the Gold
fish family.
"Of course, I do not mean that they
are in the window without any water.
They are in bowls of water swimming
about. And there are weeds and peb
bles in the bowls of water too, so that
the Goldfish family will feel at home.
"Goldfish would not feel at home in
the window unless there were some
water for them, for Goldfish like wa
tery homes.
"And here we are, ready to be sold,
and to be taken home; to add to the
beauty of people's homes."
"We're here, too," said Mr. Turtle.
"And some of our family are in the
window, too, along with some of your
family, Mr. Goldfish, to add to the
beauty and interest of the window.
"We're all showing how attractive
a home is with some Goldfish and
Turtles in it.
"The shop is showing off some of
Its fine summer furniture and beauti
ful summer curtains, but to make the
window look really beautiful they had
to add to the beauty by having us."
"Yes." said Mr. Goldfish," and we're
swimming around this tank here to
A new postal regulation makes it possible for mothers to brin? their babies down when the parcel post man calls
and have them weighed on the scale which is part of the equipment of th wagon. In Oakland, CaL, the scheme
.has already been placed in practice, and the mothers eagerly bring their babes and place them ou the scales.
an congress In September, 1822, whereupon he re
signed all authority into the hands of the people
and withdrew to private life. After a short period
of government by a committee of three, the con
gress on the 28th of February, 1823, elected Don
Jose de la Riva Aguero first president of I'eru.
He displayed great energy in facing tlie difficul
ties of a turbulent situation, but was unsuccess
ful. The aid of the Colombians under Simon Bol
ivar was sought and Kiv Aguero was deposed.
Bolivar arrived at Lima on the 1st of September,
3S23, wiere he began to organize an army to at
tack the Spanish viceroy. Who was still in the in
terior. On the 6th of August, 1824, the cavalry
action of Junin was fought with the Spanish forces
,under the command of General Cunteruc, near tlit
shores of Lake Chincay-cocha. It was won by a
gallant charge of the Peruvians at the critical
moment under Captain Suarez. Soon afterwards
Bolivar left the army to proceed to the coast, the
final battle of Ayacucho (Dec. 9, 1824) being
fought by his second in command. General Sucre,
in which the viceroy and all his officers were
taken prisoners, and Spanish power in I'eru caiue
to an end. 11
, There is no more romantic career than that of
IiOrd Cochrane, tenth earl of Dundonald, whose
statues occupy places of honor in many of the jeat
cities of Soufti America because of his services 1
in securing the national independence of several
states. It was his dying boast that he had held
flag rank In no less than six navies.
He was the son of a penniless Scotch peer and
won honors and promotion in the British navy for
oaring exploits. Elected to parliament, he' at
tacked the abuses prevalent In the British navy,
thereby making enemies galore In high places.
In 1814 his uncle, Cochrane Johnstone, M. P was
implicated In a conspiracy to swindle the London
slock exchange by spreading premature announce
ment of the defeat of Napoleon. His enemies
contrived to Implicate Lord Cochrane in the affair.
He was convicted, expelled from the house of com
mons, dismissed from the navy, deprived of the
Order of the Bath and imprisoned for a year.
i Immediately upon his release he was elected
member of parliament for Westminster. Neverthe
less, he was so disgusted with his treatment that
he sought service in South America. Then he won
j such glory that William IV, upon coining to the
throne, granted him full pardon for an offense
which he probably never committed and restored
him to the navy with the rank of vice admiral.
Queen Victoria gave him the highest grade in the
Order of the Bath and put him in command of
the British naval forces on the West Jndiau sta
tion. There he died in 1S00. His admiring coun
trymen lad his body to rest in Westminster.
A bust of Hipolito Unanue (1775-1833), the gift
of Peru to the Pan American Union in commemor
ation of this centenary was unveiled recently in
Washington by the Peruvian ambassador, Senor
Don Frederlco Alfonso de Pezet, in the presence
of a distinguished company. The ambassador de
livered an address eulogizing .Unanue as the
"Father of His Country." Unanue was born in
Peru and was educated in theology. He took up
medicine and achieved fame along scientific lines.
In 1811 he founded the San Fernando school of
medicine. He Joined San Martin and later worked
with Bolivar. This is the epitaph on his tomb In
Lima: '
"Here lie the ashes of Dr. Hipolito Unanue, pro
tophysiclan in chief, founder .of the college of med
icine under the former regime; in the new order
Minister of Finance. President of the First Legist
latlve Congress; Minister and President of the
Council of Ministers. Well deserving of his coun
try In the highest degree. Renowned for his learn
ing, his works, and his eloquence. He died in his
seventy-eighth year, on the 15th of July, 1833."
Upon the discovery of the Western Hemisphere
Spain and Portugal forthwith divided it between
themselves. Once Spain owned from Chile to the
Canadian boundary line. Her colonial policy was:
Everything for Spain; nothing for the colonies.
When the United States lowered the yellow and
.red (lag in Cuba Spain lost its last foothold on
the Western Hemisphere.
TELLS GOOD JOKE ON HIMSELF
Author Admits Admirer Credited Him
With Work to Which He Certainly
Never Laid Claim.
Koberf W. Chambers, the noted
novelist, told at the Country ciub In
New York a story at hlf own expense:
"I was staying in New Bedford,"
he said, "and one day on the wharves
I met an old nlkr who asked me to
b aUwd t tin it hands with me.
" Tve read all your books, sir,' said
the bronzed old salt. 'Put It there.
And he shook my hand 'heartily. 'This
Is a great honor, sir.
"But after the handshaking was ov
er the salt went on to say that he
thought I'd written a lot of stuff that
was unworthy of my talent.
"'Yes, sir,' he said. 'If you was to
ask for my honest out-and-out opin
ion, I'd say that you've only written
one work what really expresses your
genius. Ah, it's a grand hook, that. I
can't Just recall the name of It at the
moment.'
"Was. it "The King in Yellow?"
said I. 'No? "The Fighting Chance,"
perhaps, Or
" 'Ah, I remember the name now,
sir,' said the old salt. "A grand work.
A work of genius. Why don't you give
us wore of the same kind? "Uncle
Tom's Cabin" that's the one book
you'll be remembered by. sir.' "
Wandering Gems.
I have observed that butterflies
very broad-winged and magnificent
butterflies! frequently come on board
of the salt-ship, where I am at work.
What have these bright strangers to
do on Long wharf, where there are
no flowers nor any green thing noth
ing but brick storehouses, stone piers.
black ships, and the bustle of toil
some men, who neither look up to
the blue sky, nor take note of these
wnnderinf of the air? Haw
thorne.
WORLD HAS CHANGED BUT LITTLE
Marked Similarity in Certain News
paper Advertising Today and That
of Many Years Ago.
' s Newspaper advertising of 160 years
a'jo differed greatly In form from that
f todav, but the difference In sub
stance and Intent was rather small.
In the columns "of the New Tork Mer
cury of that period one finds the fol
lowing articles offered for sale and
extolled for their particular qualities:
"Godfrey's General Cordial," which
was the opiated soothing syrup used
In that day for peevish, teething
babies; the "Princely Beautifying Lo
tion," by use of which the ladies
"made up" for the street ; "'furling-'
ton's Original Balsam of Life," which
must have been disappointing since all
the asers are now dead; "Dr. Ryan's
Incomparable Worm 'Destroying Su
gar Plumbs," "White Drops for the
Scurvy," "Red Pills," "Sweating Pow
der," "Dr. Radciiffe's Only True Speci
fic Tincture for the Toothache," "Essence,-of
Balm of Gilead," "Potter's
Water, for the Safe, Easy and Specific
Cure for the Stone and Gravel," "Key
ser's Pills," "Golden Tincture for Hys
terical Diseases," "Genuine Harlaem
Oyl" by the bottle, "Levlne's Well
Known Eyewater," "Bloom of Clrcas
sla" for off-color complexions, "Lady
Molyneux's Italian Paste," "Best Corn
Plasters and Lip Salve," "Venetian
Paste for Enameling the Hands, Neck
and race."
The bottle of Stoughton Bitters by
wnicn old topers nsed to eive an nddl
tional tang to their nins of whisk
stood behind every public bar up to
about 50 years ago. Long after Its
use had been abandoned it persisted
until "standing like a Stouzhton hot
tie" became the common expression
for Immobility.
False teeth of sycamore wood were
used by the ancient Greeks.
"May I Sit Here?"
show the people who come into the
shop what a fine shop it is and how
much the shop people care about hav
ing their shop look handsome.
"It Is greatly improved by' having
us about." ,
"I've heard," said Mr. Turtle, "that
we make etple enjoy coming here.
For when they get tired of looking at
yards and yards of ribbons and laces
and lots and lots of dresses and hats
they can look at us and feel rested."
"Surely we must make them feel
rested." said Mr. Goldfish, "for we
swim about so slowly and show that
there is no sense iu hurrjHng all the
time.
"We tell them that rest is a most
important thing, and taking things
easily is another important thing.
"Of course we don't tell them that
by talking to them, but we show them
what we think by the way we have
of acting.
"vv'e shake a fin at them and we try
to say:
" ' Don't hurry and don't get all
tired out. THe Goldfish family never
does that, and see how gay and bright
and pretty are the Goldfish family.'
"I don't suppose, though," said the
Turtle, that all creatures would care
to be beautiful just as Goldfish are.
They wouldn't care for fins and for
glassy eyes and for fancy tails as
members of your family do.
"But then, of course, all the world
can't be made up of ' Goldfish and
Turtles though I can Imagine that
nothing could be lovelier than a world
of Goldfish and of Turtles, especially
of Turtles."
"Especially of Goldfish," said Mr.
Goldfish.
"I've heard," said Mr. Turtle, "that
they have some of our families in the
children's shops because they know
that the children will want to come and
get their clothes and shoes in a shop
where they have such interesting crea
tures as Goldfish and Turtles."
"And," said Mr. Goldfish, splashing
a bit, "I've heard of a shop where
they say they have everything one
can want, even to Goldfish and Lawn
Mowers." .
"What are lawn mowers for?" asked
Mr. Turtle.
"I asked the fish who told me he
had heard this piece of news if he
knew what they were and lie said
they were things which cut the lawns.
And lawns are made of grass.
"Of course they have nothing to do
with the water and they have nothing
to do with the Goldfish family. For
they don't have water mowers or any
thing foolish like that.
"But it shows that people had come
to the shop and had asked for Gold
fish and so the shop had sent out word
that they had Goldfish too.
"I'm glad to hear a piece of news
like that, for it shows that people
have a lot of sense when they want
Goldfish in their homes.
"It makes me think better of eople,
mucli better of them." ended Mr. Gold
fish as he shook a tin at Mr. Turtle.
Congressmen May Have to Punch the Time Clock
'if v 1
jk4bdWi 1-- ft4L
A i
f
St
'4
Truant congressmen may soon be punching a time clock, if Representative Kissel of New York, succeeds in ob
taining passage of his bill introduced recently, providing for the payment of salaries to members of congress on an
attendance basis. Mr. Kissel is shown on the steps of the capitol demonstrating the time clock to fellow members
of the house.
SMALLEST OF HOUSES
New Way of Testing .Gold
.. !
Tyy ram?mim' Ny ' "
- . tgsf. I , "', l ' -11-' '
1 -r , l.J3i&
This is No. 10 Hyde Park place,
Bayswater road, England. It Is the
smallest house In London, and is also
believed to be the smallest house in
the world. It Is no larger than a big
packing box. -
HOW TO KEEP YOUR HAT
him -h-m .rti tr-
This machine has been perfected by the bureau of standards at vvasnmg
ton to provide a spectrogcoplc analysis of gold which will measure the fine
ness of the metal more "accurately than one part In a million. The method
consists of small electric sparks leaping between two sticks xt gold, photo
graphs of the sparks taken through a diffraction grating showing at once the
presence of the smallest particles of baser metals.
Crossed Ocean in Small Yacht
Something.
He I've an awful cold in my head.
She Well, that's something.
Applied Science.
Two little kids were in swimming.
One thrashed about wildly, but made
little progress.
"Hey, Jimmie," shouted the other,
"keep yer fingers together when ye're
swinimin. Ye wouldn't eat soup wit' a
folk, would ye?" Life.
On Its Way.
"And what is an egg?" asked the mis.
sionary who was testing his hopeful
pupil's knowledge of English.
"An egg," said the boy, "is a chick
en not yet."
' No more lost huts. A bright young
man In the Wall street section of New
'York, who had lost several hats, con
ceived the Idea of sticking his girl's
photo in the crown of his latest pur
chase. So far, although he has In
cited the gentlemen who take "better
hats for bad ones" to get his, they
have left It strictly alone.
Man.
"Man Is hard to understand."
"What's the matter now?"
"Hell go out In the woods for two
weeks and let the mosquitoes have a
million free shots at him, and never
once complain ; then he'll come home
and kick like a steer if one mosquito
happens to find his way into the
house."
Many "Treasure Islands."
A large number of islands in vari
ous parts of the world have had the
reputation of holding buried treasure.
Stevenson's "Treasure Island" had no
foundation in fnct. but is stated to
be the real result of his reading of
stories by Defoe, Washington Irving
and l'oe, also Johnson's "Lives of
Pirates iunl Highwaymen." supple
mented by his own experience, on sail-
Ling ships. Stevenson himself said that
the germ ol tlie story was the map
drawn for the wall of his stepson's
playroom.
The Burly Buccaneers.
"Pirates had to tie expert naviga
tors." "One would think, so." replied Miss
Cayenne. "But judging from the stor
ies of buried treasure most of their
real work must have been done with
a pick and shovel."
Never Mind, Al.
"Is your wife economizing these
days?"
"Yes; she's cut our vacation ex
penses in half by leaving me at home I"
New York Sun.
Sad Associations.
She (thoughtfully) I wish you
A-oulUn't use that expression "launched
upon the sea of matrimony."
He (anxiously) Why not?
She Well, you know what kind of
time I always have on a voyage.
London Mall.
Cast Off.
Foggs Mister, I'm in need of some
jppropriate clothing.
Old clo' dealer What do you mean
--appropriate?
Foggs-You see I'm a cast-off son.
Mai i in I
mwMwifin iimiiit .wim i .....iaaMiMMMMMiwaawaaSi
Commander Burnham and three other amateur yachtsmen recently arrived
at Burnham on the Crouch, England, on the 13-ton yacht Nelth, having accom
plished the trip from Halifax, N. S., in 21 days. Mr. Burnham is commodore
of the Crouch Yacht club.
MUCH IN LITTLE
The use of splints for repairing
broken limbs was known to the pre
historic denizens of Arizona.
For the first time in its long history
the Dundee Royal infirmary, in Scot
land, has women alone as house physi
cians anil surgeons.
Color blindness, hearing, the sense
of touch and other perceptions in
Individuals can be measured by ' a
newly designed apparatus.
Young women in Eureka. Cal.. may
whistle on the streets without being
guilty of disturbing 'the peace, ac
cording to the- recent decision of a
police judge of that dry.
The first woman to pass the final ex
amination for the English bur is a
twenty-ihree-year-old-girl of Hull. She
cannot be railed to the bar, however,
until she has put In 12 terms, which
will not he till next year.
The rice acreage estimate of India
for the present season Is 11 per cent
below the final estimate for last year's
crop.
The invention of a Bohemian engi
neer is a farm implement featured by
a number of revolving rakes that pick
stones from soil and deposit them in
a receptacle.
The only "woman roadbullder !n
New England is Miss Eva H. Cressy
of Gloucester, Mass., who took , over
the contracting business organized by
her father. Incorporated it and estab
lished headquarters in Boston.
The owl parrot of the South Pacific
Islands rarely files.
One of the first schools for girls in
Japan was opened by an American
woman In Yokohama In 1871.
So Tight Is a new rubber-coated bal
loon fabric that three thicknesses of It
weigh less than five ounces to the
square yard.
In some parts of Mexico the wild
hogs, savage beasts in their natural
state, are domesticated and trained to
serve as watchdogs.
Only two mines, both in Colorado,
produced tungsten in the United
Slates last year and the total produc
tion was the smallest for any yea
since 1002.
One curious point which is shown
in insurance tables is that those or
ganic diseases which are so frequei-t
in middle life develop at a perioi
from five to ten years later than they
did SO years ago.
The best Persian rugs represent pa
tience, taste and prolonged labor. On
each square foot of surface a weaver
works about 23 days. A rug 12 by 12
would therefore require the labor of
one man more than ten years, working
six days a week.
The farthing is an old English coin,
coined In silver first by King John.
The Irish farthing of his reign bears
the date of 1210 and it Is valuable be
cause It Is so rare. Copper tarthlngs
were coined first by Charles n In 165
and again In 1722; half farthings were
coined first by Victoria In 1S43.