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iFundamental Principles of Hlealthi By ALBERT 8. GRAY, M. D. 4 (Copyright. 1914. by A. S. Gray) EUGENICS. Lester Ward declares that aversion I In the relations between man and woman means that their union will re sult in some defect or imperfection in the offspring. And our knowledge of the laws of heredity and of environ menit prove this must be true. Envirpument counts for fully 90 per cent In the development of the Indi vidual, and a family distraught by bickering, misunderstanding, and the lack of mutual consideration and for bearance, cannot well be considered favorable environment in which to de velop normal children. Sex selection and the survival of the fittest appears to have been responsi ble for the course of human evolution up to the time of the ancient Greeks, and if the fragments of that early civi lization indicate anything, obviously they indicate a plane of pure and log Ical thought we have yet to attain. Sex selection means the choice of sqperior mates, and therefore the pro duction of superior qualities in pos terity. Free, natural selection gas been the uplifting power that has de veloped and conserved the race. The primitive selection inspired by natural instinct and maintained by strong arms and a stone club undoubtedly bred men and women relatively superi or to many of today, and vastly superi or to those certain to result from a like number of generations with choice largely governed by the power of property accumulated through more or less devious methods. What is there in all recorded his tory that we can point to in evidence of our ability to improve on the forces that brought us from the primal cell 1 to Thales, Anaximander, Hippocrates and Euclid, Intellects that still actuate the minds of men after more than twenty centuries? Granting that beings vary among themselves generation after genera tion, granting only the fit survive, granting the survivors tend to trans mit their qualities, then it follows that evolution is now going on and that we are either ascending or descending. We know it to be within our power to go in either direction, and therefore that we can develop a vastly superior and a happier race in a few genera tions if we will to do so. But what rational steps are being taken to this 4 end? We laugh at the childish ef forts to stay natural forces by im perial or legislative edict recorded in earlier ages; but are recent legisla tive enactments in the name of eu genics any more logical or do they promise to be any more effective than a Emperor Callgula's command that the tide cease to rise? The simple and disagreeable truth is that modern business has destroyed I the fundamental principle of natural selection. Making women economic ally dependent on men eliminates the lifting power of woman's choice-eand there can be no choice without free dom and no freedom except it be grounded in economic Independence. Because of woman's dependence and t humanity's mental, sympathetic and c social refinements, the fundamental i principles of natural selection and the r "survival of the fittest" through the struggle for existence have been t forced into the background, creating an c artificial condition certain to be cor rected by self-destruction. Hence s this cry for eugenics. a Eugenics cannot become a vital a power in any nation until a sufficient a body of the people become imbued with the true principles, and this is a condition impossible to atta:n through p legislation, and is only to be achieved 1i by individual effort and mental and physical development. No sane par- i ents will knowingly deliberately con- ti demn their children or their children's tl children to poverty, the insane asy- 1 lum or worse; and the means of pre vention lie in knowledge. If every child were given a prac tical working knowledge of physics,C chemistry and biology, studies that furnish material for true thought and ii 'undamental understanding, the pres. U ent unhealthy condition would auto a matically correct itself, and there f would be no more talk of eugenics. HEREDITY. Irving Fisher in I'nited States sen- a ate document No. 419. ".-ational Vital- h ity. Its Wastes anid ('ons.rvation" O says: "Human vitality dtpendis upon I two primary conditions: hertdity and Y An Overcrowding. h Apropos of the pitiful ov4-rcrowding st of the slums. J. G. Phelps Stokes, the lii millionaire social worker, said in a st recent address in New York: it, "Let me illustrate our overcrowding of with a story. I de "Three pretty girls of fourteen or in fifteen talked as they sat making arti- w. tical iflowers about what they'd do if di they each had a million dollars. m "'ld buy a house at Coney and live na there all lie year round,' said the m first gist. nl " 'ld buy automobiles and diamonds to and live in Europe.' said the secoad. an "The third little girl girl, heaving ve a sigh of divine content at the thought, ou said: "T''d sleep alone. " Night Aeroplane Scouting. so Night scouting by aeroplane which Sp has never yet been attempted, and is not likely to be effectively carried out tet before 1915, is one of the possibilities he of the early utotre, writes Brigadier- crc Geaeral Bteae la the professional Jour- cel .il of the Royal Artillery. Moseat of ce te prise flghts Ia 1913 (he reealls) pre hygiene, or conditions during lff." And Metchnikoff points out that prt . of the supposed inheritance of lon&er i ity may not be inheritance, but sisa * arity of environment. Nature's movements are on so vast a I scale and contain so many complex f º and never to be understood forces i; that balance and counteract each oth er, that it now seems .incredible that A the world for so long should have ac cepted the authority of the past in a matter as vital to human happiness as the old idea of heredity. Fortunately I we have finally evolved into the un derstanding that the final court of ap peal is observation and experiment, Sand not authority, however eminent , ,4 it may have been in its day and gener atlon. The old axiom, "Like produces like," is now known to be incorrect. No two things can be produced ex actly .alike, and we know that ability to change is the evidence of life. ion A farmer selects as a fine ear of mnd seed corn one in which each kernel re- conforms in general type to a desirable in ancestor, and from this ear he takes of the seed for a new crop. Three factors on- enter into the results from the plant ing of this seed-heredity, climate. ?er soil. Granting the first two factors to di' be ideal, there are ten elements re by quired in the soil to produce a de the velopment equal in type and vitality to or- the parent seed. Oxygen, hydrogen, ^ed nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, calcium, de sulphur, potassium, iron and magnesi um are the necessary elements, and the the absence of one of these ten chem Isi- icals in necessary amount will de Ion termine whether there shall be a par ks, tial or even a total crop failure. Corn Ivi- can be fed and bred up or starved and sly run down. One community will aver 'g- age ten bushels per acre and another will average 100 bushels per acre. By of the intelligent adjustment of all the ro factors, 239 bushels per acre have been sB- produced. as The samne principles and factors ap oe- ply to the animal kingdom, including he man. Heredity determines the type, ral but environment governs what the in ng dividual shall be. In common with Ily the corn of the field and with all other forms of life mankind reacts to the universal laws of change and modifica ke tion; and this is the hope of humanity. ce There being no spontaneous genera of tlion of the human species, it fellows or that all are of equally ancient lineage, and investigation will show only a lit s- tie way back a material taint in the ce line of the best, judged by present day standards. This is proof that in all ell life there is an inherent tendency to es adapt and advance. to The fundamental problem of man is to stay here on earth-"We don't know where we are going, but we're g on the way," and we might as well be '' comfortable about it. An intelligent I' application of the jaws of heredity as e- laid down by Mendel, coupled with a at rational adjustment of the individual ve to environment, could make a new ig. race in two generations. We may be er ascendent or decadent just as we see re fit or a- Type is a matter of heredity and at counts for about 5 per cent of the in is dividual-environment covers the re tf- maining 95 per cent. A phono n- graph record disk may be large in or small, depending on the type of la- mold selected to make it. Its ca tu- pacity is determined by the mold, but ey whether it shall receive and give out in a meaningless Jangle of discord, a he masterpiece of harmony, or a soul stirring call to human achievement, de pends on the impression received after th its creation. Whether it be used with td intelligent purpose or marred, cracked al and scratched by indifferent handling c- depends on unknown factors. And te man, too, is the product of the sum Id of the impressions received in his ex e perience. )e Like the corn plant, man too is the e. product of three factors covered by id the term anthropological, telluric, so d clal. and granting the first two to be al ideal, the third involves a complex me mass easily accounting for molt e break-downs. The Lrman body is made n up of 14 elements-oxygen, hydrogen, In carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium. r- sulphur, chlorine, sodium, iron, potas :e slum, magnesium, sillca and fluorine, and to attain perfect development ml must be supplied with all these ele it ments in suitable quantity. d The now prevailing standard of food a values which measures the heat units h produced from food and completely idglnores all other elements and factors. dis not only woefully inadequate in the r-light of modern sciernce, but consti - tutes a grave menace to the health, to a the morals, to the sanity, and to the I - life of any people. b Dainty Dish. She was a young missionary to , China, n t yet quite proficient in the t languag of the country, and was giv- a d ing a lile dinner to some friends. . During the course of the meal, she asked the servant to bring in some t a fruit--at least she thought she did. le objected: she insisted; he re fused; she grew angry. At last he left the room. 1ll Pres.ntly he returnemd, carrying a large Iplatte-r, which he placed before in h ,r ilth a l a;ir of suprinme contempt . n . fOn it. cart fully arranghd, weer, hera husband ry-day trousers! I Youti s ( omplanion. at have had to be competed for between er unrise anid tsunst, a very necessary th limitation; but in Germany this re- be striction was nithdrawn last year, and ly its withlrawal resulted in a good dIal n< Sof night nin:, a nd also in many accl- in dents. The presnt year sill see many interesting night flying competitions. z which will doubtless furnish useful data for regularizing night flying for C military purposes. Apart from the necessity for knowing what one's ene- CI my is doing during the hours of dark ;ness. there is one very important point to remember about night scouting, and that is that the scout can come very much rearer to the ground with- th out being seen. th Unsatisfactory Ingredients. of Twamly--Hello. Gadsby. back so sti soon; you didn't stay long at the TI Springs. Are you cured already? Gadsby-No, 1 sent some of the waew ter to my physician for analysis and here is his report: Mud, 33 per cent; hi crawfish. 47 per cent; tadpoles, 10 per I cent; leaves, 5 per cent; acum, 3 p er cent; foam, 1% per cent; medicinal properties. % per cent of E BIG CAT DROPS IN 1 FOR HIS DINNER es at Also Monkeys and Other Lords of a the Venezuelan Jungles y Are Visitors. n I ARE NOT MOLESTED ýr * When They Invade Explorers' Camp In Venezuela There Is None to Chal ' lenge Them-Natives Spend Very Little on Clothes. el Minneapolis, Minn.-Members of the le senior class in geology at the Univer sity of Minnesota listened to an im promptu lecture recently in which they t-heard o!ie of their former classmates , tell how it felt to have panthers. o tigers, monkeys and other lords of the Venezuelan jungles drop into camp for lunch without notice, to be greeted by . people who beat the high cost of liv i, ing by cutting out clothes and are 1, armed to the teeth with rifles and re i. volvers when going out to see the d country. The talk was given by J. W. .- Lewis, graduate of the school of mines . in the class of 1912, who was asked by r- Dr. W. H. Emmons, head of the geol n ogy department, to talk to the class d about his South American experience. r- "I hadn't been in the country more r than half an hour." said Mr. Lewis, y "when I was forced to the unpleasant e expedient of dodging bullets. We had n just landed and I was opening my trunk in the custom house when I r heard shots in the hall and saw two g men busily shooting each other up. "I didn't know whether to jump into my trunk or out of a window at first. s But the trunk didn't look bullet-proof. r and the window I couldn't reach, so I s resorted to the leeward side of a post. Luckily a troop of native police at rived on the scene in time to save the lives of all concerned." s Mr. Lewis said he is in the employ of an American company that is ex ploring the country to locate the areas where oil may be produced on a com mercial scale. Some oil wells have al I ready been dug, he said, but no oil has been produced for shipment yet. In dications are, he said, that the country will in a short time be one of the great oil-producing areas of the world. "The people." said Mr. Lewis, "are Ia mixture of Spanish, negro and In dian. In the part of the country where we were the natives had never seen white men. They were amused at our appearance, which, no doubt, seemed crude to them, but treated us with the kindest consideration. When we went out into the jungles we were al ways armed with rifles and revolvers to protect ourselves from the canni bals and the wild animals that fre quent those places. "Panthers, tigers, lions, monkeys and other jungle dwellers are plenti- t ful. I remember one night a panther broke into our camp and carried away t Got HI Dinner c t but I didn't bother to question Mr. Mr. Lewis said the aigrette which is a vation. Gr. Lews told his Dinncolleagues he Is that halfdozen chickens we wthere countH hoa i livedng on for a finneapolst I heard the noise buow at LosI didn't bother to question Mr. P Yomatter of fact, one ofill the ingor Venous e bymethods they armadcy Inspe of tors cut down the ttheyte. prized so highly by the women in cl he statid he shboardny of pharmacy whileDur fl ssing travels through thewn observedy rthat a well dresseaid Chinese had a way church on the American contins o whenevert It anstopped is in, an excellent sa aintanof preser vaThe inspectors knew a lot abot Ch nMrs Lewis told his colleagues he is s enthusiastic about they acountry and lothe that he likes the life t whereupon the has bnspecn tor seited his parents, who forler- hisp Yhoesrk themsnce he will sail for Vene hI _zuela. bPlw to et opium pellets. WHAT FLAG DAY. REALLY MEA ft Wo W W+ko k cs + kk . o w W)4W W W 4WWWW T IB now 138 years since the United States of America was composed of 13 states, the greater number of which had a population of little more than that of the average city of today. Those 13 states have grown and multiplied until there are now 48 states, with a popula tion of nearly 100,000,000 of the most virile and strongest race of men on earth. It has been demonstrated many times in the past century that the strug gles of the patriots of 1776 were not in vain. The words "United States of s America" are an inspiration and a help to the oppressed of all lands. The Union gleams out through the world as a gigantic monument of freedom, and the lowly and persecuted of all na tions have their eyes turned toward America with the hope that some day they may reach the prom lied lanmd. The American flag is the oldest flag among the nations of today. It antedates even the present emblems of the ancient empires of China and Ja pan. The Star8Spangled Banner has a history un like the flag of any other people. It is older than the present nag of Great Britain, which dates from 1801; it is older than the German empire standard of 1870; older than that of France-1794--or that of Spain-1785. The first legislative action of which there is any record concerning the design and adoption of a national flag was taken in a resolution of con gress at Philadelphia on June 14, 1775, but it was not until October or November of that year that a committee of three-Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Roger Sherman-met in the old city of Cambridge and entered upon their duties. After long deliberation, this committee adopted a design consisting of the king's colors-the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew-with 13 parallel horizontal stripes, alternate red and white. A most strange and unfortunate selection it would seem. The flag was unfurled for the first time over the camp of the Continental army at Cambridge, on the 2nd day of January, , the 2nd day of January, A Statesg. The fac sta 1 1776e. When the ensign h plyrde s flm was first displayed at Cam- ply recordedl s fsOoWaS bridge, the British regu- "'ReISved That lar assumed It was In. of the 1t Uniteditsw tended as an Indication of 1s stripes, alterne submission by the 11 and white; that the states to the king, whose be 13 sta, wtlo. speech had Just been sent blue eld,p to the Americans. The new constellatloa.r t comment of the British "8o far u the ao Register of 1776 on the reoosded In cngress new standard is interest. wu unanimous, and ing: "The rebels burned Is how the fag ws the king's speech and "About ihis time changed the fag from a nreat seal of the plain banner to one bear. State esme nm nto Ing 13 stripes, u a r ence. On July 4, 1 bol of the number and Benjamin aFrnkint a union of colonies." Adams and Thorn Isabelle Worrell Bali Is son were apln ted a American fag her life's stady. She is the dangly tioa. This committee ter of a veteran of the ported on August 10 of Revolutionary war and prme er a nds the founder of FIla day, me d dsta to which is now observed all ist of a row of d over the oenntry. Her a. white for d a ther was Capt. Jaes . - fi for Ireland. a R Worrell, who served -,ýG of for Irand -h'roah h Ma, 4 - . . for P a-g, an Ii _ through the Ciri war, and she numbers among her relativer many of the heroes of both wars Many years ago Mrs. Ball became convinced that the real history of our flag was unknown. She determined to unravel the tangled skein, and give to posterity the true history and evolution of the American flag. "It was suggested by early writers that George Washington's coat of arms was the model for our flag of today," said Mrs. Ball. "These statements are supported only by tradition and legend, as all my search has proved that Washington was not egotistical enough to present his coat of arms to the nation as a model for its flag. I have delved Into history as far as it is possible to go. I have examined many manuscripts, and have separated tradition and legend from facts, and it is my belief that Washington never thought of his coat of arms as a model for the flag In fact, there is grave doubt that Washington had any thing to do with the designing of the flag at all. "A sentence from one of Washington's own letters seems to me to clinch this statement. Sir Isaac Heard, an eminent writer of the early days, wrote to Washington concernlnt his coat of arms, which appears upon the doorway and mantels of the old Washington manor house in England. To this inquiry Washington replied on May 2, 1792: "'This is a subject to which I confess I have paid very little attention. The arms inclosed In your letter are the same that are used by the family here.' As will be seen, this was a letter written a decade after the close of the Revolu tionary war, and nearly two decades after the adoption of the Stars and Stripes by the congress of the United States. If Washington, at that late date, had paid little attention to his coat of arms, he certainly paid less in his younger days, and especially at a time when he was surrounded by enemies, malignantly persecuted by them, and was naturally deeply engrossed in the army and the preservation of the new-born nation. I do not find In all of Washington's writings a single allu sion by him of any of his contemporaries that his coat of arms was used as a model for the flag. "The evolution of the flag was gradual and un doubtedly grew out of the desire of the people who had come to this country to get away from the tyranny of Old World monarchs. Of course, the first flag in this country was the red and yel low flag of old Spain, brought over by Columbus. The Cabots, with other discoverers of England, planted the cross of St. George up around New foundland. Pedro Reinal, for the Portuguese, planted the five-spotted blue flag of that then great maritime nation. Henry Hudson, coming here for the Dutch, brought the yellow, white and blue flag, under which he sailed up the Hudson river. This flag was the flag of the Dutch East India company. These may be considered the four discovery flags. "England dominated the country, and the Eng. lish colors were really the last as well as among the first to dominate the destinies of the evolving nation. The cross of St. George, with the added NO DANGER FROM WIRELESS Investigation Shows That There -I No Chance of It Igniting Rig ging of Ships. In April, 1913. at the instance bt a firm of shipowners, the Marconi com prny carried out exhaastive experi ments with the view of ascertainlng whether there was any aetual danger in the presence on board of ships of sparks arising eat of the use . of the wireless j pat, sa Wireless World. A quantity of naphtha was placed in a saucer and lodged as near as possible to a heavy spark, and a piece of waste saturated with naph tha was placed close to the spark elec trodes, but in neither case was the vapor ignited by the spark. A sim ilar test was applied to the small sparks which obtain at minor parts of the apparatus, but it was not until a continuous spark was allowed for a very leog period that the naphtha was eventually gnited. The tests, whleh were all the mere nwrrr 4 i:· AMr*l~lurllkc~ ·.~-· ::.:-···· i: ~C-L~ ·~· ;:..-i:;··· ..: d :j`j ~T~I ~c;·'~ I~·,:f I ·:'6: r. .Ws.% V:: .·; i·iwB :· , i' :: -i ?2~ Z.al ·-· s· :·:.··· :il· ·:· ·- .·~: ·~ .·; i·~· :il "~"·~6~.,r ~a~:iQ~ , ·:·;: .~·.~ 1 .·.~ '' ··~:· j-i:s· ·d ~i·T~IY·i~- -r~8 ~I ,-; ~~~1~21~7~ 4 ·.-?-` :~ ·tc·- ····· :: ~ o(l~i : ····· '-··j'·a "'' J·:5 ~i ;i .. ··· :· ''d :i·:· : ~~" -- ": :'"ai: ?; 'I ~c. :;· ·:·;·;i "~·d S·:i I :~·sg,.·r :· E C~~·1*: :iij-II '''` i.:~w:~ ··-:· ..: ii 1 -3·i j .4X :~ 'ii i·-·~: i·ji' T·j~~i·: · L-)i;a·: ~~· i''" ·.- ·~· i ·, ,, .:.i·...· ;"r;C~;Li·te.::: ~.·;·i~i .;i i II : :·:: cZC~_~RY~a;;lpr~pe,~~P~aMj ~7C~O~ cross of St. Andrew, and later on with the cross of St. Patrick, was the very last flag to be sup planted by the Stars and Stripes. "The people of America, with growing contempt for Old World flags, fabricated many of their own. Some of these were very odd, and withoot exception, all of them were very ugly. 'This was true until 1620, when the Mayflower carried the St. George's cross, but those stern old Puritans protested against the use of the cross upon the flag, believing it to be sacrilegious, and in every way they could, used other devices and designs, only to bring down upon themselves the wrath of the king's officers in the colonies. The first evidence of this was when a Mr. Endicott, mu tinying against the cross, concluded to cut of one end of it. Roger Williams, for some reason, probably just to get a whack at one whom he disliked, complained of this. The king's oficers took it up, and after a long discussion, decided that Mr. Endicott had been guilty of lese majeste, although that term was not known in those days. He was deposed from office and a penalty im posed that he should not hold office again for one year, thus putting an end to the flying of any flag other than that bearing the St. George cross. "For a long time a plain red flag was carried by an organization called the Sons of Liberty. Following this was a blue flag with three cros cents, another with two, and still another with one. Washington himself in 1775 suggested a white flag with a pine tree, and this is only an other proof that the story of Washington's coat of arms was false. About 1775 a striped green and yellow flag was carried by one of the militia companies. In January, 1775, the first red and white-striped flag was adopted. This was known as the Cambridge flag, and consisted of 1I alter nate red and white stripes, with the king's colors then consisting of St. Andrew's and St. George's crosses on a blue field. "Later a Colonel Gadsen proposed to congress our first naval flag. This was a great big yellow flag, with a snake coiled upl in the center. It hung over the head of the speaker for some years and then went out of existence. Following this came flags of red and blue stripes, and red and white stripes, each without a field, and each with snakes in them. There were pine tree flags galore. There were flags with badgers, flags with anchors; in fact, any old thing except a St. George's cross seemed acceptable to the colonists struggling for light in the darkness. In 1776 the Rhode Island colony adopted a flag of 12 white stars on a blue field. This is the very first time stars appeared in the flag. "From the date of the Declaratlon of Inde pendence and for a year or more afterward the colonies used almost evetything that flies in the heavens or swims in the water or grows on land as a symbol for their flag. Finally, one bright day in June, with no father and no mother. Old Glory was born. There is not a word or record of any kind to show who designed the flag, who presented the resolution, or how it ever got into Important, as naphtha is one of the most Inflammable cargoes carried, con vinced the officials who carried them out-the superintending engineer of the shipping company and a repre sentative of the Marconi company that fumes of napbtha would never be sumclently densq Inside the wire. less cabin to permit of Ignition. Out side In the rigging this would be even more obvious. Debt is a paradox. The faster we run In, the more we pet bablad. for rance, an Im eagle In black for Germany, and a Belgian for Holland, the idea being o ommuemw ate countrles from which the stale had bes In addition. it was intended to have thjem eons linked together by a chain, sna ebS these chains was to bear the Initial of ei the 13 independent states. Then there was ftS a Goddess of liberty in corselet sad armw, - spear and cap and a shield of the states, goddess of Justice bearing a sword In her hand and In her left a balsace. In the provision was made for the eagle of in a triangle, with the motto. 'U Phlribe On the other side of this unlque seal was in an open charlot, with a cross and swWO ing through the divided waters of the Red pursuit of the Israelites. Moses was the pillar of fire, with the motto, tyrants in obedience to God.' This delg-/ not adopted. "In March, 1779, another committee WM pointed. and the report they made for i seal was worse than the irst. On June l, however, a William Barty of Philadelphia posed practlcally the present coat of urms` was finally adopted after being L.odl i I other committee." The story of John Paul Jones lM associated with the story of our frst fld same congress that created the first pointed John Paul Jones to command the nental ship of war Ranger at the same When the flag was prepared and the Ragelps about to go forth on her lonely adventa naval committee made the commander the oficlal present of the lag of the United The achievements of the Ranger are a of the most stirring events of our histrl ., the world knows how, In' 1777, Jones mad gallant use of the Ranger and kept the England and Scotland in constant terror. The brat military, incident connected new flag occurred on August 3, 1777, when tenants Bird and Grant invested Port The garrison was without a flag when the appeared, but the patriots soon supplied cue much on the pattern just adopted by the nental congress. Shirts were cut up to white stripes, bits of scarlet cloth were for the red, and the blue ground for the was composed of a cloth cloak belonging t Abraham Swartout, who was then in the Before sunset this curious mosale standlst precious to the beleaguered garrison as the beautiful wrought flag of silk and a was floating over one of the bastions. The was raised on August 23, but it is net what became of the improvised flag. In his statement to Governor Trumbull, 21, 1777. of the occurrences at Port Colonel Willett mentions as one of the of his sally from the fort that he captured brought off five of the enemy's colors, the of which, on his return to the fort, were on the flagstaff under the impromptu Con flag. e By the Wholesale. 1Slas--What an enormous a that man Jebkins must have. f Hez-What's the proof? Silas-He says he always s at - restaurant where they serve a lacarte. A Date Eater. B Bacon-Ever see a goat eat Egbert-I don't think so, bat I one eating dates, today. , "Wbhe did the goet get the lBe was estsg a cleadael.