Emmons County record. [volume], December 05, 1907, Image 8

About Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current

Image provided by: State Historical Society of North Dakota

                
I1 SSfs"
p- f#:.-
t:
I,
S'ts?
SI-,
'JiI
i!
1 t,'
J1
I!
antra.
utsmrt
uan
CtVAH
CITY BARBK
m. MUTTO.I
LuWr/ Basket
4
BUWEKDISK.
WATCBMAEEB ASD
BCP41KISO A tTt
uitoa. ao&l
CITY DRAT
G.
A. BBOMA^i
LHrht and Htai Biol
Spring Creek|
Letre wden at I
Shop.
Ctatj
A. funniT.
commiMiuMi
ww um 1
FARM ASD EAXCH U|
mtkTPCJLIC. Ami
icunrap.oM^
OR. W. C. WOLI
PHYSICIAN AND
LINTON. NORTH 0
Diieaiai of the Eye rtveo Spt
Owricm At ruinn
Fkom: OIM.M Bed: Best
jihi rim
Btatknttk ui
HAZELTOy XOBT11
I hereby respectfully
public that I SBMWJP
wort in my Uae. and will
tent to satisfy those
their patronaa*.
OMYBEAL ft
WELL DRtLLI
LIVONA. NOR1
We Drill Deep or Shalt
Gasoline Power Used!
WORK PROMI
TUBULAR WI
NINE YEAHS KXPEtt
SATISFACTION OUABJ
AOKST FOR OAUV AIB-COC
LIME ENGINES.
VBAMCIB JA6M
Nottl Twelfth Street. Bias
P. B. IRV
Linton, N. D.
BieyolM and Au
Repaired
Supplies:
Batteries, Inner TUIM
SOO HOI
Edwd. 6. Pittenon, Owner and
FIFTH STREET
BISMARCK, N.
American Plan $1.00 to $1.50
Special Rates to Monthly Be
Absolutely fire-proof. Mo
cold water in every
Public and private baths on eve
fclcctnc lighted and steam
throughout. Positively the bes
class hotel in the state.
Mr. Patterson is also propnd
Hotel Northwest, which has be*
ly renovated and remodeled tJ*
Rates at the Northwest, $2 a da}
Paten
so vn
,.~ssr»
TagfiBL
CUKKSS BUS
RON NBDBII
MEMAttK OttCU
FINANCIAL rntlNOCNCV AND
rrtCAuts*.
ANTO-TRUST LAWS. IMTCMTATt
COMMERCE AND TAHIFf Olft-
CUSSED.
O th» iitntu asd H«a«
nr.
of Ttxp-
So uiin bu greater nwiftw
tbas ecrs. uj I uusk it eats 1*
11
fcSy asst tbat ti* cSatu of
twwui puttf ««un and Irwa*™1
MiAstrf ia no eataoa are fwaoa
atsui tmis«n rasfitwu emenAer Baa
is oars at tfcja rej- omni w*l a
tKlUti. fcrbta nti is the c*«. 'or
PIE TO FCONL BWWT ICSTND OF
"^**11 betaks: for ft & sach hoTQiog
that is the teuMdiaif oceuion el BKW
striegency. Moreover, a rsfe UJ
bonnes* of oar ytrrji*
IIKD
•Ul
ba aeety ivt profouy, sod lt» *ps»!iea
(111* to fun and 'acione* to »allno*a»
and banka. to all our IcfiOntitt wmioer
dai taterprac*.
IB anjr bodr of toesi. tovrref,
there are certain to be ««ne who are d»
kMR. and If the cooSitieo* are iwa
that theae
taiadee* vtth imjmnitr. tirfr nafP-*
ia a nrr e*il thins for the community.
Where ttwn roea are bc*it.ea» men of
(Rat aasacfty and of tersparaxc^ct twth
•narrafHfloos arxi nckttn. aad ere tha
naditiOM are aurh that they act wrth
oot rapmrjlos or coetrol and at Brat
vttbost ff«!ive check froen public otto
ton. tney 4Hude many ianotetrt people
into malria« mireataeta or nnbirtdisf in
k3ads of hoalceaa that are realty un
Mnt When the rnhdeMt of theae aac
eeaafulty diahoneat ran are dtoeorerei
nflcriag comcm not oaty upon them, hot
OW! the innocent men arhom they hara
mialed. It is a painfui awakening, when
ever It oc«if»: and. naturally, when it
does oe*ur ihoae who aalfer are apt to
forget that the !center it was deferred tha
more painful wouM be. In the effort to
puniah the auilty it ia both wtae and
proper to endeavor ap far aa pootUe to
minimise the atres* of thoae who have
been misled by the milty. Yet it ia not
possible to refrain because of socfa dis
tress from atrfr.eg to pot an end to the
misdeeds that are the ultimate causes of
the suffering, and. as a means to this
end. where possible to punish those re.
Sponsible for them. There may be honest
differences «f opinion as to many govern
mental poHciea: but avrety there can ba
BO auch differences as to the need of un
flinchin* perseverance in the war against
successful dishonesty.
So snail part of the trouble that we
have comes from carrying to an extreme
tha national virtue of self-reliance, of
independence in in
itiative and action.
patible with seeing that liberty does not
become a liberty to wrong others. Vrt
fortunately this is the kind of liberty
that lack of l|| effective regulation In
Constitution provided that the national
government should have complete and
sol* coatrx»l of interstate commerce.
There was then practically no interstate
ttuiineius aave such as was conducted by
water, and this the national government
at once proceeded to regulate in thor
oughgoing and effective fashion. Con
dition! have now so wholly changed
that the interstate commerce by water is
insignificant compared with the amount
that gees by land, and almost all big
iMMdnew concerns are now engaged la
interstate commerce. As a result, it can
I* but partially and imperfectly con
trolled or regulated by the action of
any one of the several states, such action
inevitably tending to be either too drastic
or else too lax, and in either case inef
fective for purro»es of Justice.
Only the national government can in
thoroughgoing fashion esc-rcUe the need
ed control. Thin does not mean that
there should be any extension of federal
authority, for such authority already ex
ists under the Constitution in amplest
and most far-reaching form but It does
mean that there 5'n.'^d be an extension?"
of federal acth jily ~*rht5»l* not advoc^^
In* centrp'^^n. It mTrtVv Mtfng
...2£ -tri' the face and realizing that'cen
tralisation in business lias already come
and cannot be avoided or undone, and
that the public at large can only protect
Itself from certain evil effects of this
Itusinesn centralisation by providing bet
ter methods for the exercise of control
through the authority already centralised
In the national government by the C'on
atitutlon Itaelf. There must be no halt
In the healthy constructive course of ac
tion which this nation has elected to
pursue, and has steadily pursued, during
the last six years, as shown both in tk
legislation of the congress and the ad
ministration of t'je law oy the depart
ment of justice.
The most vital need is In connection
with the railroads. As to these, in my
judgment there should now be either
national incorporation act or a law li
censing railway companies to engage in
Interstate commen* upon certain condi
tions. The law should be so framed as
to give the interstate commerce com mis
rion power to pass upon the future Is
sue of securities, white ample mean*
should be provided to enable the com
mission. whenever in its judgment it ia
necessary, to make a physical valuation
of any railroad. As 1 staled In my
•nfeaaage to congress a year ago, rail
roads should be given power to enter
into agreements, subject to these agree
ments being made public in minute de
tail and to the conaent of the interstate
commerce commission being first obtain
ed. Until the national government as
sumes proper control of Interstate cont'
tnerce. in the exercise of the authority
It already possesses. It will be Impossi
ble either to give to or to get from the
rallroada full justice. The railroada and
all other great corporations will do well
to recognise that this control must come
the only question is as to what govern
mental body can most wisely exercise It.
The courts will determine the limits with
in which the federal authority can ex
ercise it. and there will atlll remain
ample work within each stale for ti«
railway commission of that state, and
the national interstate commerce com
mission will work in harmony with ti
several commissions, each within its own
province, to achieve the desired end
Moreover, in mv Judgment there should
te additional legislation looking to the
proper control of the great business con
cerns engaged in in
,, terstate
fiharman Antl trust
ILII
Tb* astt-tnat k« shoeM sat be
«d: bat it dhpgM be made both
ia harmony with v
laaJ TdlMima It aeaooId be go atnmil'd
as to farbW oslr tha mad of coxbiaatiM
wfcJrts ioei barm to the nam pabHe.
«Kb ame*ta*M t» be actowariri by.
or to ba aa Bmldaat of. a araet of saner
rtawy power ta Uae comaacat over
tbeae Mg nattrsa encaged ia iatcnuta
boatMas. This ahooW be aecyxcpaxJaaS by
mv*mbaa tor the connartaory p«bi)eaxiae
amnsu aa the aabjectkra of bmka
ane eaaers to the inspection of the gtrr
eraaaest afloal*. A begiaatez has i
readv bees made fee sark sucerrlsSoo by
the otaUhbant of the banu of cor
poratioaa.
Tfee asti-tras* Uw sbosid not prohBuit
®®WaaConf that do so injustice the
P«bBc. MS! |«ss those the existence of
wbteh is on the wbofe of benefit lo the
wWlf- B"t even If :hls featore t3se
•w were aMirtH^. t5ere woold remaia
as aa esFsaBy A^ctksaUe featsr* the
dtmcaltr and deiay aos iacideat to its
enforcement. The gorentnM-at meit sow
r*£Imit to irkffflae trJ repeated dei.iT be
fore obtatoiiar a decisis of the
cr/arta osoo proceedings hutitstel aod
*ve® a fatiwtbk decree caay meaa as
nrtory. Moreover, to attetet,: to
control thes* by lawsziits
raeaas to bnpoae t»poo both the deoart
mept of Jastice aad use courts aa irrrx»
«b4e bnrdec it is sot feasil4e to carry
®. haore Ih*a a limited somber of sacs
saits. Sach a law to be reallv efletxire
_?! cocrv be adtataistefed fcy as
tiKUiiic hod*. A&d oot mertlr br
U*!B
Chartered by Na­
It is wise to con
serve this virtue and
to provide for its
fullest exercise, com­
Intarstats Com-
tion.
mfnjpg
•ffective regulation in
TKe flfanderf ~0T The
thlj( c0ntr0|business.
to
exercised for their
u—
own benefit and pros
perity no less than
for the protection of investors and of the
t—neral public. As I have repeatedly
iad in messages to the congress and
rtsewhere. experience has definitely
thown not merely the unwisdom but the
futility of endeavoring to put a stop to
business combinations. Modern In
dustrial condition* are such that com
bin at! on is not only necessary but inevi
table. It Is so la the world of business
lust as It Is so in the world of labor and
it Is aa Idle to desire to put an end to all
corporations, to all big combinations of
•arltal, as to desire to but an end to
combinations of labor. Corporation and
tibor union alike have come to stay
£ach Sf properly managed Is a source of
tood and not evil. Whenever in either
here Is evil, it should be promptly held
account: but it shuuld receive hearty
«Iiu imitignt sunshine with him when
ever he went, whether at work or at
play. We have learned to love him as
only a teacher and schoolmates can.
ice* 1» iMtlSMflf n. |.M, ,, mjtra
is li pot a ar a
t» itttr* ba?ks lw. MdOtU« Em am ttea
is sfat dttrcst
JK
ptMK &9cw* 1 j^seta&t&afe
that mBr vsta a seesatam w« 1 tM tbe anem*.r~t?- feis ia tfa* asS
^T-c tmmormXtT. by aadsrtakmg to far- {dtMr of until «rta ti k«h rate*. aB
bsaist nra traaa Met rttt_«™*k «aimi 1isl KiStr 4atf^ aack
period. I* 111
ai nut it
am OM tb* tew ISMK g»»Ma Oat its
bstectiM be tte timlltM
apae tsMaru atacnass. To aim
at UM? KtmBplHhatat of too sack
•saatty Bttaa tbe ».-y jaalMirrW of to*
Bale aal oftea us Mtg of
Tit* d#s^c3 cboui^ io pe*-
l?81 tecidrat the creation
of uafe.a.thy tad teprocxt ccsbic«tioa.f.
tb*j are In ex.
JTOJJC* and *tt«nmiac to destroy
W1
prosper or commft their
CTTSthe*criminal
I or
conj&fnauon shocld not be Voler
if Iht power icqulnd br
c^nbtaatlof) to the pmbtic d«trisienL So
eoriMfration or aasocsaUoa of assy kSod
®raojd be prTTDittexi to «spce is foreign
or ist«nut« commere* that is f&rsMd
for
IM
pvrpciK of. or whose operation!
tnoaopoly or genera! control of
pfroduction. caJe or dlstnbvtiOR of
«*or» of the prince necewritie*
or Uf#- or articte* of f«o«ra2 use axtit
n'^Riity.
8»jch conbiaatiosi are agalnst
pubU? poHcy they violate the common
the doors of the courts are closed
to tboae who are parties to them, aad I
oeuere tbe ronfr«n can cloce the chan
nels of interstate commerce against ibm
for its protect km. Tbe law should teak*
»t* prohibitions and permissions as dear
Mod definite aa pcvatible. leaving the Wast
posafble room for arbStrary action, or
•Iwfttton of ffoeh action, on tbe part of
or of divergent interprets
tkMM bjr the courts. Among the points
to be aidMid at should be the prohibition
of unhealthy competition, such as by
rendering service at an actual loaa for
the purpose of crushing out competition,
the preventk/n of inflation of capital, and
the prohibition of a corporation's malt
ing exclusive trade with itself a condi
tion or having any trade with itself.
Reasonable agreements between, or com
binations of. corporations should be per
mitted. provided toey are first submitted
to and approved by some appropriate
government body.
.The congress ha* the power to charter
corporations to engage in interstate and
foreign commerce, and a general law
can be enacted un
der the provisions of
which existing cor
porations could take
out federal charters
and new federal corporations could be
created. An essential provision of such
a law should be a method of predeter-
by some federal board or com­
mission whether the applicant for a fed
efctrter waarun tutmeUXfOn or
•binatton within tbe restrictions of, »h«
federal law. Provision should vl
made for complete publicity in £n matl
ters affecting the public and ^^omnlete
protection to (he investing Public \and
the shareholders fn the matte^R
ISSSILE
lJ
WwriSJ
law is not deemed adviss kh,
a
Interstate corporations might
^a ™mbiMtion of the two
Si
The'supervision
estab-
fWlogous to that now
"f/5nal banks. At least,
ed hv uii^- ^'/should be supplement
S.J.I KS P^hibitions of the methods
has
shown have been
in
ThT lUa
enabling monopolistic
to
cruIh
out competition.
ii5ners °t a corporation should
r* to do business In their own
0
J^ne right to bold stock in other
5° P?/J*ons should hereafter be denied
'"J^-rstate corporations, unless on ap-
bJ"
the
ProPer government officials.
a prerequisite to such approval
"ould be the listing with the govern
leat of all owners and stockholders,
both by the corporation -owning such
stock and by the corporation in which
such stock is owned.
To confer upon the national govern
ment. in connection with the amend
ment I advocate in the anti-trust law.
power of supervision over big business
concerns engaged In interstate commerce
would benefit them as it has benefited the
national banks. In the recent business
crisis it is noteworthy that the institu
tions which failed were institutions which
were not under the supervision and con
trol of the national government. Those
which were under national control stood
the test.
National control of the kind above ad
vocated would be to the benefit of every
well-managed railway. From the stand
point of the public there is need for ad
ditional tracks, additional terminals and
improvements in the actual handling of
tbe railroads, and all this as rapidly as
possible. Ample, safe and speedy trans
portation facilties are even more neces
sary than cheap transportation. There
fore. there is need for the investment of
money which will provide for all there
things while at the same time securing
as far aa is possible better wages and
shorter hours for their employes. There
fore. while there must be just and rea
sonable regulation of rate, we should be
the first to protest against any arbitrary
and unthinking movement to cut them
down without the fullest and mose care
ful consideration of all inteiests con
cerned and of the actual needs of the
situation. Only a special body of men
acting for the national government under
authority conferred upon it by the con
gress Is competent to pass judgment oa
such a matter.
Those who fear, from any reason, tho
extension of federal activity will do well
to study the history not only of the na
tional banking act but of the pure-food
law, and notably the meat Inspection law
recently enactor!. The pure-food law was
opposed so violently that its passage was
delayed for a decade yet it has worked
unmixed and Immediate good. The meat
Inspection law was even more violently
assailed and the same men who now de
nounce the attitude of the national gov
ernment In seeking to oversee and con
trol the workings of interstate common
carriers and business concerns, then as
serted that we were "discrediting and
ruining a' great American industry."
Two years have not elapsed, and already
It has become evident that the great
benefit the law confers upon the public
Is accompanied by an equal benefit to the
repdtable packing establishments. The
Itenefit to Interstate common carriers and
business concerns from the legislation I
advocate would be equally marked.
In my message to the congress a year
igo I spoke aa follows of the currency:
••I especially call your attention to the
condition of our currency laws. The
national bank act has ably served a
Jng
Sarah J. Welker and husband
to John McEMaijr, hfof
ii qr of 2-1&-78
faring *. Bojraton End wlfg
rreat purpose in aid
the enormous
Currency,
business development
.if the country, and within ten years
there has been an Increase In circulation
Mrr capita from 21.41 to •33.08. For sev
eral years evidence has been accumulating
'.hat additional legislation is needed. The
recurrence of each x-rop season empha
lizes tho defects of the present laws,
fhere must soon be a revision of them,
because to leave them as they are means
iO Incur liability of business disaster,
iince your body adjourned there has been
fluctuation In the Interest on call money
rora 2 per cent to 30 per cont. and tho
luctuat'.on was even greater luring tho
receding six months. The secretary of
1300 00
ia amt by
T&T TSX
'cscnm
«auj li. Stew Tor* attract soomtj from
(be facte ^r isio tM
Tut dttfetfli she fsod
avaiiaMe for
MML
aad eocacRial burtai'WI are
torad to pay axcaal rate*, ao tfeat
Met fan a tax. -T. tbe afcape of sa
rraaas Manat charges, ia yaad oa tlat
alia!a commerce of tie cosairj.
"1
ao
oot press aey apirial ptaa. Tart*
eapert eooaittata of
the pure which are
ktkk certainly sboaiM tootise yoar coo
atteratua is that repeatedly breegbt to
trmsr attesUoc by tbe gneatat secretary
of tbe treasury, the. caaeatiai features of
which hare bees approved by many
jmanttMxt bankers sod bsas&ea* mm
As cordis* to Uiis p'-ac national banka
should be permitted t? iane a W«IM
properties of thetr capitai ia aotea of a
gives kind, tbe sssue to be taxed at so
»t.»
feasible
nte
THIS
as to drive tbe Mti back
w&ta not wan:*-- ia legitimate trade.
piaa waqld i/rt permit tbe issae of
nmecj to give tenia aifiSois.l profit*
bat to meet tue etnergeacy preaeetod by
iioseo of strtagesK j-.
"I do not say that this is the right aya
ieaa. I only advst&oe it to emphasise my
belief that there is awd for the adoption
•_.f sossae system
WJshall
be automatic
aad to aiH sofcad basks, so as to
JTOMopen*
ail posaibciiiy of diacrimizaatioo aca
favoritism. Any "nan mast- of coarat
coard the interest* of Western ana
Boothera bankers as careliiily as it
paitb the latKcStj c: ?.cw Tore or Cfct
«_ago bamaers. and mviSi be drawn WW
tfve standpoints of i-e fanner and tha
merchaot ao tha a from the staoA
poiats of the city b.* Vser aod tM country
backer."
I f" urge oa the i.oi^i* as the nee«
of imnaediaie attention to this matter,
n't seed a great elasticity ia oor cor
reaey providtd. of course, that we rec
ogssae the even greater need of a aata
ASD KCUT*
carrt&c-y. There must always
be the most rigid examination by tbe na
tional authorities. Provision should be
izade for an emergency currency. Tna
en^trrgency Issue' should, of course, be
made with an effective guaranty, and
pon conditions careluliy pfartites by
tbe gOTemroetit. S"ach emergency ime
must be based oa ad*fcjuate securities ap
proved by the government, and must «e
issaed ender a heavy tax. This woUd
permit currency being issued when tne
demand for was urgenu while aeeunaj
its retirement as the demand f«l °g *f
is worth in\«stigat5ng to determ-ne
whether oflcers and directors of &atK>nat
basks sbosld ever be allowed to loan to
the shelves. Trust companies sfcoa^i be
subject to the same supervision as
legislation to this effect should be ecact
ed for the District of Columbua and tbe
territories. ..
yct we must also remember that even
the wisest legislation on the subject can
cijy accomplish a certain amount, a
legislation can by any possibility
ante* tbe bu^neas community against the
results of speculative folly
it can guarantee an individual asainst the
results of bis extravagance, when an in
dividual mortgages his house to buy an
automobile he invites disaster: and when
wealthy men. or men who pose as such,
or are unscrup jlosly or foolishly eager
to become such, indulge in reckless •Pec
ulation—especially if It is accompanied
by dishonesty—u-.ey jeopardize not only
their own future but the future of all
their Innocent fellow citnens. for th#y
expose the vbo'e business community to
p&nic and distress.
This country is deSnrtely conKTutted to
the protective system and ajty effort to
uproot it could not but eaus* widespread
Industrial disaster. In
The Tariff. o'-h^r words, the
manciple of the pres
ent tariff law could not with wisdom ba
changed. But ifya country of such phe
nomenal grojvt'j as ours it is probably
well that £very doaen years or so the
tariff la*4 should be carefully scrutinised
so as to see that no excessive or improper
beneli& are conferred thereby, tfiat prop
SS- Ttfvaaae-Ls provided, and that our for
eign trade is encouraged. There must al
arays te as a minimum a tariff which will
not only allow for the collection of an
ample revenue but which will at least
make good the difference in cost of pro
duction here and abroad that is. the dif
ference In tbe cost of labor here and
abroad, for the well-being of the wage
worker must ever be a cardinal point of
American polio. The question sKbald be
approached purely from a business stand
point both the time and the manner of
the change beins such as to arouse tbe
minimum of agitation and disturbance in
the business world, and to give the least
play for selfish and factional motives.
The sole consideration shoifld be to see
that the sum total of changes represents
the public good. This means that the
subject cannot with wisdom be dealt with
in the year preceding a presidential elec
tion. because as a matter of fact experi
ence has conclusively shown that at such
a time it is-impossible to get men to treat
it from ye standpoint of the puoiic good.
In my Judgment the wise time to deal
with the matter is immediately after such
election.
When our tax laws are revised the
question of an income tax and an inheri
tance tax should receive the carerul at
tention of our legis-
Incqme Ta* »«d lators. In my judg
InMritancs Tax. ment both of tnese
taxes should be part
of our system of federal taxation. I
speak diWdently about the Income tax
because one scheme for an Income tax
was declared unconstitutional by the su
preme court while in addition it Is a
difficult tax to administer in Its practical
v.orktng. and great care would have to be
exercis*-d to see that it was not evaded by
tr.e verv men whom it was most desirable
to have taxed, for so evaded It would,
of course, be worse than no tax at all
as the least desirable of all taxes is the
tax which bears heavily utxjn the honest
as compared with the dishonest man.
Nevertheless, a graduated income tax of
the proper type would be a desirable
feature of federal taxation, and it is to
be hoped that one may be devised which
the supreme court will declare constitu
tional. The Inheritance tax. however, is
both a far better method of taxation, and
far more Important for the purpose of
having the fortunes of the country' bear
in proportion to their Increase in sixe a
corresponding Increase and burden of
taxation. The government has the abso
lute right to decide as to the terms upon
which a man shall receive a bequest or
devise from another, and this point in the
devolution of property Is especially ap
propriate for the imposition of a tax.
Uaws imposing such taxes have repeat
edly been placed upon the national stat
ute books and aa repeatedly declarad
constitutional by tbe courts and th
laws contained the progressive principle,
that is. after a certain amount Is reached
the bequest or gift, in life or death, is
increasingly burdened and the rate of
taxation Is increased in proportion to the
remoteness of blood of the man receiving
the bequest. .Theme principles are recog
nised already in the leading civilized na
tions of the world.
The German law is especially Interest
lng to us because it makes the inher
itance tax an imperial measure, while
allotting to the individual states of the
empire a portion of the proceeds and ner
mittlng them to impose taxes in addition
to those imposed by the Imperial govern
ment. dmall Inheritances are exempt,
but the tax is so sharply progressive that
when the Inheritance is still not very
large, provided It Is not an agricultural
or a foiest land, ft is taxed at the rate
of 25 per cent if it goes to distant rela
tives. There Is no reason why In the
United States tbe national government
should not Impose inheritance taxes in
addition to those imposed by tbe states
and when we last had an inheritance tax
about one-half of the states levied such
taxes concurrently with the national gov
ernment. making a combined maximum
rate In some cases as high as 25 per
cent. The French law has one feature
which it to be heartily commended. Tbe
progressive principle Is so spplied that
each higher rate Is Imposed only on tbe
excess above the amount subject to the
next lower rate, so that each Increase of
rate will apply only to a certain amount
about a certain minimum. The tax
should If possible, be made to bear more
heavily upon thoae residing without the
country than within It. A heavy pro
gressive tax upon a very large fortune Is
in no way soch a tax upon thrift or In
dustry as like tag would be on a small
fortune. Ho advantage comes either to
the country sa a whole or to the indi
,-lduals inheriting the money by permit-
flag tbe trassxMln ia their entirety at
tbe taariauua fcrtimm «Uk naU be
aftacted by sacfa a tax. and as aa in
its ftatctica of icnaae ialatn«
tax
SVBU
My ta naan a
eanafity of owortssitr far
tta apii «f tbe geaeraOtms growtag to
masbimi We bare not tbe rtjStMt
•navathy wttfc that aocaHr- idea
•Mill wooid try t« put taafarn. thrift
iMMsa aad iateJkJency oa a Nr With
Mut-I. thrift and cAeteney: r*ikb
aaiM strive to break op not uttraiy pri
vate property, bar what ia far ~.=r- im
portant. tbe heaps*, tbe chief p:?
which ocr wfeoie drXutsca star iw
theory, if ever adnpted. sooM I»M
tbe rain of tbe amlra country—a rasa
wtdeh wOsM bear haavfest o»on tbe
weakest, upca
HIT
Moreover, there must be the public
opinion back of tbe laws or the lawn
themselves will be of no avail. At pres
ent. while the average juryman undoubt
edly wishes to see trusts broken up, and
Is quite ready to fine the corporation It
self. he is very reluctant to find the facts
proven beyond a reasonable doubt when
it comes to sending to jail a member or
the baainess community for indulging in
practices which are profoundly un
healthy. but which, unfortunately, the
businesa community has grown to rec
ognise as well-nigh normal- Both tna
present condition of tbe law and the
present temper of juries render It a task
of extreme difficulty to get at the real
wrongdoer in any such case, especially
by Imprisonment. Yet it is from every
standpoint far preferable to punish th*
prime offender by Imprisonment mther
than to fine the corporation with ,ttw at
tendant damage to stockholder^."
The two great eiflj ft fee execution of
our criminal laws -Uj-day are sentimental
lay and technicality. For the latter the
ronedy must come from the hands of
the legislatures, the courts, and the law
yers- Vhe other must depend for its cure
uwn th* gradual growth of a sound pub
Hc opinion which shall Insist that regard
for the law and the demands of reason
shall control all other influences and
emotions in the jury box. Both of these
evils mast be removed or public discon
tent with the criminal law will continue.
Instances of abuse In the granting of
injunctions in labor disputes continue to
occur and the resentment in the nds of
those who feel that
Injunctions. their rtgnts are be
ing Invaded and
their liberty of action and of speech un
warrantably restrained continues likewise
to grow. Much of the attack on the use
of the process of injunction is wholiv
without warrant: but 1 am constrained
to express the belief that for some of it
tfcera-i* -warrant. This j|ueetka is be
coming more and more one of prime im
portance. and unless the courts will
themselves deal with It in effective man
ner. it Is certain ultimately to demand
some form of legislative action. It would
be most unfortunate for our social wel
fare if we should permit tnanv honest
and iak-abidm citisens to feel that they
had just cause for regarding our courts
with hostility. I earnestly commend to
the attention of the congress this matter,
so that some way may be devised which
will limit the abuse of injunctions and
protect those riglits which from time to
time it unwarrantably Invades. More
over. discontent is often expressed with
the use of the process of injunction hy
the courts, not onlv In labor disputes, but
where state laws are concerned. I re
frain from discussion of this question as
I am informed that it will soon receive
the consideration of the supreme court.
The federal courts must of course de
cide jjltimately what are the respective
spheres of state and nation in connection
with any law. state or national, and they
must decide definitely and finally in mat
ters affecting individual citisens. not only
as-to the rights and wrongs of labor, but
as to the rtghts and wrongs of capital:
and the national government must al
wavs see that the decision of the court Is
put into effect. The process of injunction
an essential adjunct of the court's do
ing Its work well: and as preventive
measures are always better than reme
dial. the wise use of this process is from
every standpoint commendable. But
where It is recklesslv 'or unnecessarily
used, the abuse should be censured, abov*
all by the very men who are properly
anxious to prevent anv effort to shear
the courts of th's necessary power. The
court's decision must be final: the protest
is only against the conduct of individual
judges in needlessly anticipating such
final decision, or in the tyrannical use of
what is nominally a temporary injunction
to accomplish what Is in fact a perma
nent decision.
The loss of lif* and limb from railroad
accidents In this country has become ap
palling. It is a subject of which the na
tional government
Accidents. should take super
vision. It might be
well to begin by providing for a federal
Insuectlon of interstate railroads some
what along the lines of federal Inspection
of steamboats, although not going so far
perhaps at first all that It would be nec
essary to have would be some officer
whose duty would be to Investigate all
accidents on interstate railroads and re
port in detail the causes thereof. Sucb
an officer should make it his business to
get into close touch with railroad oper
ating men so ss to become thoroughly4
familiar with every side of the question,
the idea being to work along the lines of
the present steamboat inspection law.
The national government should be a
model employer. It should demand the
highest quality of service from each of
its employes and It
limpoonai
M. H. iEWCLL. Beglster?
Employers' should care for all
S, ltOT.
for
least aMe to shift
for themselves. Bat pa 11 i«als for Jegla
taUoa ssefe as t£tis herein advocated ara
directiy nppiiatil ta this daas of social
istic tBMtk*. Oar aim is to recognise
what Lisoota cat: Tbe fact that
there are some :««ta ia which men
are obvso^aiy not rjial. bat also to in
sist ttsat there srtnild be aa equality of
self-rcspect and of matual respect, aa
eqoaSty of rights before tbe law aad
at least aa approximate equality in. the
coodilHins onder which eacb man ob
tains tbe chaace to show the staff that
is in tisa when compared to his feOowa.
A f:-v years ago there was kn cotn
fla£:.t that the law could not be invoked
against wealthy offenders. Tile re is no
r^efc complaint now.
of th* Tt»e course of the
department of jus
tic* during tbe last
few years has been
anth as to make it evident tial no man
stands above tbe law that no corpora
tkm is so wealthy that it cannot be held
to account. Tbe department of justice
has been as prc-mpt to proceed against
tbe wealthiest m^.t.'artor whose crime
was one of greed and cvnni&g as to pro
ceed again*-, tbe agitator who incites to
brutal violence. Everything that can be
dose under the exist r-g law and with the
existing state of public opinion, which so
profoundly influences both the courts and
Juries, has been done. But the laws
themselves need strengthening in more
than one important point they should
be made more definite, so that no honest
man can be led unwittingly to break
them and so that tbe real wrongdoer
can be readily panished.
of them properly In
Liability. return. Congress
should adopt legis
lation providing limited but definite com
pensation for accidents to all workmen
within the scope of the federal power, in
cluding employes of navy yards and ar
senals. In other words, a model employ
ers' liability act. far-reaching aad thor
oughgoing. should be enacted which
should apply to all positions, public and
private, over which the national govern
ment has Jurisdiction. The number of
accidents to wageworkers. including those
that are preventable and those that are
not. has become appalling in the me
chanical. manufacturing and transporta
tion operations of the day. It works
grim hardship to tbe ordinary wage
worker and bis familv to have the effect
of such an accident fall solely upon him
and. on the other hand, there are whole
classes of -•"iraey* who exist only by
inciting men who may or may not have
been wronged to undertake suits for
negligence. As a matter of fact a suit
for negligence Is generally an inadequate
remedy for the person injured, while It
often causes altogether disproportionate
annoyance to th* employer. The law
should be made such that the payment
for accidents by the employer would be
automatic Instead of being a matter for
lawsuits. Workmen should receive cer
tain and definite compensation for all ac*
etdents In industry irrespective of negli
gence. By tbe proposed law. employera
would gain a desirable certainty of
obligation and get rid of litigation to de
termine it. while the workman and his
famtlv would be relieved from a crushing
load With such a policy woald come in
creased care, and accidents would be re
luced in number. The national laws pro.
DO
other visible brand.
Owner will please call, prove property,
psr cliErves and take tbe animal.
[*nov2I-deco] FRANK F. VOLE,
ffagoe, X. D.
nabffity oa raO-
ta internal*
aad for gafety aoeBnaeca. as o«U as
tbe hosts any employ*
•dd be pcrmittai to sulk,
aa be strengthened atoaitf in
ail—I ptatUca tfc*v have shown weak
esa: tlaer s&aaU be kent on th* otatMe
seta ttmactminc foraa.
Ik cjnstittioasl ly of the emptoyoM*
BaHtir act I sssi I by toe preceding «s
•reas baa beea carried before tbe ooorta.
la t«o ji rtrtkiloaa th* law baa baea
tadarai naosaatitaUocal. aad la three
Jurisdictions its roMUmhoaalitr bag
beea affirmed. Tbe qseotion lias baea
carried to tbe anil aan court, tbe ease
has baea beard by that tribunal, and
derision in aapoitsd at an aarty dale.
In tbe event that tbe court should aftrn
tbe ocnatttBtioMiitjr of tbe act. I arse
farther IccMaaoa si nag th* lines advo
cated in my message to the preceding
mngnas Tbe practice of putting the
entire burden of loos to life or Kmb upon
tbe victim or ti* victim's faoXlr Is a
form of social injaatice in which tb*
United States stands ia unenviable promi
nence. Is both ocr federal and our state
legislation we have, with tew exceptions.
scarcely goa* farthar than tho repeal of
tbe feUow-servact principle of the old
law of liability, asd in some of oar states
even this slight modification of a com
pletely outgrown principle has not yet
been Kcimd The legislation of the rest
of the industrial world stands oat in
striking contrast to our backwardness in
this respect.
The congress should consider the ex
tension of the efght-hoiir law. Th* con
stitutionality of the present law has re
cently been called
Eight-Hour Law. into question, and
the supreme court
has decided that the existing legislation
is unquestionably within the powers of
the congress. The principle of tbe eight
hour day should as rapidly and as far as
practicable be extecded to the entire
work carried on by the government: and
tbe present law should be amended to
embrace contracts on those public works
which the present wording of the act
has been construed to exclude. The gen
eral introduction of the eight-hour day
should be tbe goal toward which we
should steadily tend, "and the govern
ment should set the example in this re
spect.
Strikes and lockouts, with their attend
ant loss and suffering, continue to in
crease. For th* five years ending Dec.
31, IMS. tbe number
Compulsory Investi- of strikes was great
er than those in any
Cation of Industrial previous ten years
and was double the
Disputes. number in the pre
ceding live years.
These figures indicate the increasing need
of orovldiag some machinery to deal with
this class of disturbances in the interest
alike of the employer, the employe and
the general public. I renew my previous
recommendation that the congress favor
ably consider the matter of creating the
machinery for compulsory investigation
of such industrial controversies as are
of sufficient magnitude aad of sufficient
concern t» the people of the country as
—isdie to warrant the federal govern
ment in taking action.
The need for some provision for suck
investigation was forcibly illustrated dur
ing the past summer. A strike of tele
graph operators seriously interfered with the Columbia second, altho
telegraphic communication, causing great many others of importer,
damage to business interests and serious
inconvenience to the general public.
It Is certain that for some time to com*
there will be a constant increase abso
lutely. and perhaps relatively, of those
among our'Tifisens
Capital and Labor, who dwelt in cities
or towns of some
size and who work for wages. This
means that thcr* wi 11 be an ever-increas
ing need to consider the problems in
separable from a great industrial civili
sation. The relations of the capitalist
and wage-worker to one another, and of
each to the general public, are not always
easy to adjust and to put them and keep
them on a satisfactory basis is one of the
most important and one of the most deli
cate tasks before our whole civilisation.
It is idle to hold that without good laws
evils such as child labor, as the over
working of women, as the failure to pro
tect employes from loss of life or limb,
can be effectively reached, any more than
the evils of rebates and stock watering
can be reached without good laws. To
fail to stop these practices oy legislation
means to force honest men into them,
because otherwise the dishonest who
surely will take advantage of them will
have everything their own way. If tbe
States will correct these evils, well and
good: but the nation must stand ready to
aid them.
No question growing out of our rapid
and complex industrial development is
more important than that of the employ
ment of wemen and children. The pres
ence of women in industry reacts with
extreme directness upon the character of
the home and upon family life, and tbe
conditions surrounding the employment
of children bear a vital relation to our
future citixenship. The national govern
ment has aa an ultimate resort for con
trol of child labor the use of the inter
state commerce clause to prevent the
products of child lr.bor from entering into
Interstate cemmerce. But before usir.g
this it ought certainly to enact model
laws on the subject for the territories
under its own Immediate contml
There is one fundamental proposition
Tt-hich can be laid down as regards all
these matters, namely: While honesty by
Itself will not solve the problem, yet the
insistence upon honesty—not merely tech
nical honesty, but honesty in purpose and
SDirit—is an essential element In arriving
at a right conclusion. Vice in its cruder
and more archaic forms shocks every
body: but there is very urgent need that
oublic opinion should be just as severe
In condemnation of the vice which hides
Itself behind class or professional loyal
ty. or which denies that it is vice if It
can escate conviction In the courts. The
nublic and the representatives of the
!ublic. the high officials, whether on the
bench or In executive or legislative posi
tions. need to remember that often the
most dangerous criminals, so far as the
life of the nation is concerned, are not
those who commit the crimes known to
and condemned by the popular conscience
for centuries, but those who commit
crimes only rendered possible by the
complex conditions of our modern in
dustrial life. It makes not a particle of
difference whether these crimes are com
mitted bv a capitalist or by a laborer, by
a leading banker or manufacturer or rail
road man. or by a leading representative
of a labor union. Swindling In stocks,
corrupting legislatures, making fortunes
bv the inflation of securities, by wrecking
railroads, by destroying competitors
through rebates—these forms of wrong
doing In the capitalist, are far more In
famous than any ordinary form of em
bexxlement or forgery: yet it is a matter
of extreme difficulty to secure the pun
ishment of the man most guilty of them,
most responsible for them. The business
man who condones such conduct stands
on a level with the labor man who de
liberately supnorts a corrupt demagogue
and agitator, whether head of a union or
head of some municipality, because he Is
said to have "stood by the union." Tbe
members of the business community, the
educators, or clergvmen. who condone
and encourage the first kind of wrong
doing. are no more dangerous to the
community, but are morally even worse,
than the labor men who are guilty of the
second tv-e of wrongdoing, because less
Is to be nardoned those who have no
such excuse as Is furnished either by
ignorance or bv dire need.
When the department of agriculture
was founded there waa much sneering as
to its usefulness. No department of the
government, howev
Fgrmers and Wage- er. has more em-
Workers. phatically vindicated
its usefulness, and
none save the post office department
comes so continually and Intimately Into
touch with the people. The two citisens
wbooo welfare Is tn the aggregate most
vital to the welfare of the nation, and
therefor* to th* welfare of all other citl
t?ns. are the wage-worker who does
Jaanual labor and the tiller of the soil,
tbe farmer. There are, of course, kinds
one black one with no visile marks!
Owner please call, prove property, pay
charges and ike tliem away.
[noraiHleeS] tiS^xTb.
•f labor okff* tbe work snmt b»
mental, and tber* are other kinds
•or where, aader esisciag
CG-
wry tittle demand indeed te mJW
tko mad. though I am glad to
tbe proportion af men eegsged t
ktod at work is dizntaisfeiagL Bi
community artch the solid baas^y"-'
Oca which make a a realty |r« :V-:
55* taJC of tbe people sboold 2
wWch calls far tbe exercise of y«
aad mind l*rog»t— cannot perau-.-.
falst in tbe ahaartnnina.it
**. I?"- in tbe
IWVIlinmnatof
»•»*». that lt ohan repnaen:
•are the work of tbe trained m.
trained body. Osr school oyst*
grnveiy defective In so far at it
premium *m*o aasr* -iilwary trauiirV
«*»de therefore to train tbe b«t
fea form aad tb* workshop'
•ng is_ nor* needed than the bes
of fndastrial school, tbe school f"
ehsaleal iadaatrtes in tb* city, the"
for practically teaching agriculture
country. The caning cX the skil
of the noli, tbe caillr-g of tbe ski
rhaiic, sbooid alls* le recognise
fesskms. last as emphatically
ings of lawyer, doctor, mtr-ii.-
clerk. Th? schools should recoz-^
fact 23d it alioaH esnally be
in pc-p.^ar opinion. The young si-.
has L-.e farsightedness and i:
recognise it aad to get over th- --V
it mak^s a difference wbeth*
earns called si-iry or wag-f
refuses to enter ti-e crowded --v
so-c*i'«J profession, iad ta,-«
structive industry Instead, in i.v.
sure of an ample reward in
r£V
health, in opfwtrealty to re.-.—l,
and to establish a hosce
ainoaat of freedom fram worrv* I*
be one of our priirve objecsj
the farmer and the tnecbaarir or.
plane of e®rteac*
IL&HS
revatrd s-Ta
Increase their effectir^ijA-sg ir,
economic world, and :h^
1
..
ty. the resnuEeratto®. he p..*
their positions in the xorM
Tbe conservation of ojr ra- .r,
sources and their prsij*- use co-«
ths fundamental proiieai whi,
lies almost
Inland Watsrways. other problem
national life
must maintsin for our civilixatr^"
adequate material bas's without
that civilcaatioc cannot exist We
show foresight, we must look ahead
nation we not only enjsy a vor
measure of present prospentv b-jt
prosperity is u*?d aright St !s an
of future success s-jch as no ot'n^r
will have. The reward of for-? e
this nation is great and ezt'.'v f:,r.
But there most be the look a'.-il
most b* a realixation of t:~e fa-::
to waste, to destroy, crir r.avira]
sources, to skin and exh
Instead of using it so as
usefulness, will result tn _r,
the days of W-ir chiMren t'-.e v.-ry
perity which we oaght by r:.t to I
down to them amplified ar -vi.-.
For the last few years, tl-.r- js- sc.
agencies, the government hs?
deavoring to get our people to -k
and to substitute ?. planned
development of our resources l:
a hapisaxard striving for
profiL Our great river
be developed as national vt-..
ways: the Mississippi, with its
taries. standing first in inn- r:-.\
or:
dfic. tbe Atlantic and th
The national government shoi:
take this work, and 1 ho a
will be made in the present
and the greatest of all •-r nv-rs.
Mississippi, sbould receiv- =j,- al|
tention. From the Great
mouth of the Mississippi tr.^r
a deep waterway, with d~r. vat»n
leading from it to the F.ast ar.
West. Such a waterway wouM
tlcaliy mean the extension of our
line Into the verv heart of our .-o
It would he of incalculable benefl:
people. If begun at once it
Ap­
peals were made to me from many parts
of the country, from city councils, from
boards of trade, from chambers of com
merce. and from labor organisations,
urging that steps be taken to terminate
the strike. Everything that could with
any propriety be done by a repreaenta
t:ve of the government was done, with
out avail, and for weeks the public stood
by and suffered without recourse of any
kind. Had the machinery existed and
had there been authority for compulsory
Investigation of the dispute, the public
would have been placed in possession of
the merits of the controversy, and public
opinion would probably have brought
about a prompt adjustment.
t-eg!n
CHK BE
Tied through in time apprecia be
lieve the congestion of our great freij
carrying lines of railroads- The
should be systematically and c-?r
ously carried forward in accorJor.
some well-conceived plan. TTie
streams.should be Improved to the
est point of efficiency before the in.
ment of the branches is attempte-i
the work should be kept free from
taint of recklessness or jobbery
inland waterways which lie just
of the whole eastern and southern
should likewise be developed. M-.-re
the development of our waterways
volves manv other Important
lems, all of which should be consi.i
as part of th* same general scr.eme. I
government dams should be usrd til
duce hundreds of thousands of li|
power as an Incident to innccvim
gatlon: for the annual vsivif of th
used water-power of the r.:v-(i
perhaps exceeds the anr.-.iai value
products of'all our mine? A? in
dent to creating the deep wat-rwav
the Mississippi, the government
build along Its whole lower
which, taken together w-th th
of the headwaters, will ai oao-.M
ever put a complete str'Vv'
of floods in the immense'' f.-r:
region. The territory •.?
1
the Mississippi along I'
will thereby become one
prosperous and populous, a?
A
one of the most fertile, f-irn-.m-
in" all the world. I hav.* a.VP
inland waterways comrr. s?iori
and outline a eompr^-n^ v'
development along all
Later I shall lay its report
congress.
bvI'-Tl
The effort of the government t^l
with the public land has beer.
the same principle as that o. .-ej
lamation
the same principle
Public Lands.
The land
tern which
signed to meet the needs of the
and well watered regions of th
West has largely broken down
plied to the dryer regions of t'-
nlains. the mountains, and muo
Pacific slope, where a farm 1"'
If Inadequate for self-suopor.. ir..
regions the system lent stseit
and much land passed out o. ,.-
of the government without ra-s^i
the hands of the homemak
pertinent of the interior and t.•
ment of Justice joined :n pr
offenders against the law: anit
accomplished muck, wh:.- wr.—
ministration of the law nas I"
tlve It has been changed. But
themselves are defective
r-•
"e I
ago a public lands com:r.:sc
pointed to scrutinize the .a»
fects. and recommand a r»rr.e
examination specifically showt-.._ 1
istence of great fraud uvon
domain, and their recommer.it*i-'j*
changes in the law were made- nm
design of conserving the naty.ra.. t-s
of everv part of the publ-.c
01
ting it to Its best use. E*ve.- i.
was called to the prevent:
ment by the passage of
public land Into the har. ts
and to the enormous wa«t-
cau
restricted graging upon :he
The recommendations .L '''1
commission are sound. ,l
pecially in th* Interest o, t--«
homemaker: and where th' .f-: .J
maker can not at present 'J'11-"
they provide that the g"''f.rl :1i.
keen control of It so that It .r.»
monopollaed by a few men.
gress has not yet scted upon
ommendatlons: but they ire
proper, so essential to our r.ai
fare, that I feel conflient
will take time to consul
they will ultimatelv be aao: tel
Some each legislation a.=
is essential in order to "rtsr.
stretches of public grazmc
are unfit for cultivation
methods and are valuable
which they suppty. As the
the range becomes more am.
grased. Much of It can no
advantage unless It Is fence*.,
lng is the only way by whu-r
check the owners of nomad
roam hither and thither, ut.*:
lng the pastures and leaving
hind so that their presence
ble wKh tbe presence of
The existing fences are ail i'
of them represent the impro:"
of actual settlers, actual
from territory which is usur:"-.
cattle companies, gome oi
sent what Is in itself a prorv
us* the range for those apo..
and to prevent lt« use by
riders. All these fences. th
hurtfut and those that are N
itllke Illegal and must com.
It ia an outrage that the
necessitate such action on
1st:
v-
administration. The unla»^
aublic lands for private sraz-
(topped, but the necessity
Honed it must be provided -i
ject any or all bids.
By order of the board of dn-i i'"»
Marie School District, X. 17.
Dated November ", lw7.
[nov"-decl2] W. T. Miili'iiit.
District •!*.'