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ii-aar NEW MONEY MILESTONE CONGRESS WILL SET SEVENTH MILESTONE THAT DEVELOP MENT OF U. S. REQUIRED THE WEST ABSORBS ENORMOUS ISSUES AND IS RAPIDLY OVER TAKING THE EAST Washington, Feb. 25.—A new mon ey milestone of the nation, the sev enth since George Washington was in augurated president, which will be set up by I his congress, like the oth ers will point the way to prosperity —in this case to more assured pros perity. Currency legislation has right of way in congress, a new page of Amer ican history will be turned. It is so gravely important that prolonged de bate and consideration are due—and there will be plenty of both. Each previous milestone lias been as slow ly and laboriously set. up, but each one, with one exception, marked a .step forward or, as now, a readjust ment to new conditions, pulling the financial affairs of the people upon a sounder basis than before. After the country had crossed a rought. and per ilous path of panic, each new mile si one, hut one, has shown the way to firmer, smoother roads. The development of the United Slates during the years which have elapsed since the Civil war exigencies caused the creation of the present currency system is probably most for cibly shown by the existing evidences of funded debts—the municipal and railroad bonds now outstanding. At the outset of the present discussion of currency reform Speaker Cannon took steps to secure these figures, which they were not available. The results show that there is at present the enormous total of $3,516, 1S4.000 of railroad and municipal bonds in the country which would comply with the terms of the Aldrich bill, as a basis for emergency circula tion. These figures are authoritative and were furnished to Speaker Can non at litis request by N, W. Harris, SeiTiOr partner of N. W. Harris & Co., of New York and Boston and presi dent of the Harris Trust and Savings bank of Chicago, an authority on bonds among the bankers of the coun try. The detailed figures are as fol lows: railroad bonds, $1,873,000,000 municipal bonds, $1,543,184,000. This includes the indebtedness of counties as shown by the census report of 190tf. 4. statement of actual county 'VndeTtedliPss to date, if it could be had, would inci. past* the municipal total still further. Nation's First Fiscal Milestone The first money milestone was the establishment of the first United States bank, in 1791, as the result of Iks efforts of Alexander Hamilton, then secretary of the treasury. Prior to this time and in the colonial days banking in. th? modern sense was hardly known. Massachusetts had a bank as early as 1714, which iflsii«»d notes secured on real estate And oth er "imperishable commodities." This bank failed, but some of its success ors succeeded althought they were under no proper legal regulation and engaged in many hazardous ventures. The founding of the United States bank and the chartering of banks in the various states put an end to in discriminate and unregulated banking and laid the foundations for a stable and adequate currency system. The bank was capitalized at $10,000,000 and was allowed to assume liabilities to an amount not exceeding its capi tal. As deposits were not reckoned among its liabilities, it was enabled to issue nearly 10,000,000 of notes, but in practice it kept about half that amount outstanding. The first bank was thoroughly successful but its charter was not re newed in 1811 and for five years the government had to depend upon the State banks. This was a period of trouble and disorder, brought about largely by the War of 1812. Banks suspended specie payments, except in New England, and business was dis organized until as a way out of the difficulties the second Bank of the United States was established in 1816, marking the second milestone in the country's financial history. 1 Jackson Smashed Milestone No. 2 This bank was run on similar lines to its predecessor and while it began its existence under a cloud it was soon put on its feet by the executive genius of Langdon Cheves, of South 'Carolina, and brought order and pros perity out of the tangled financial sit uation. The respite granted the country in this way lasted until 1829 when President Jackson made his famous attack upon the bank and plunged the country into a bitter po litical contest which only ended with the defeat of Henry Clay for the pres idency in 1832 and the expiration of the bank's charter in 1836. This may be called the third mile stone, though in a way it marked ret ropgression rather than progress After several attempts at construc tive legislation the so-called "inde pendent treasury system" was estab lished, by which the government made its collections and disbursements in specie only and kept its funds in the This left to the development ol the business along many new lines, some of them hazardous, and paved the way for the fourth great change, in the establish ment o fthe national bank system in 1863. Reasons for Present System Like all of the great changes be fore it, this was an emergency meas ure, calculated not to establish an idea] system but to meet a critical situation. The government was faced with the necessity of finding a new market for the enormous bond issues of the Civil war and at the same time of establishing a solid currency as op posed to the flood of depreciated legal tender paper which seemed to threat en. The national banks incorporated under the new la wwere granted the privilege which they now possess of issuing notes secured by deposits of government bonds, and the notes of the state banks were taxed out of existence. Since that time the turning points of importance have been the Sherman bill of 1S73, the free silver agitation of 1896 and the amendment of the national bank law in 1900 reducing the minimum required capitalization of national banks from $100,000 to $25,000. The Aldrich bill, if passed by con gress, will not cause any such radi cal readjustment of the monetary system as did the oilier great changes just reviewed for example, the crea tion of the national banks or the founding of the United States bank. On the other hand it is aimed, as an emergency measure, to put an end forever to any possible recurrence of such a financial panic as the country has just, weathered, due to the im possibility of securing enough cur rency to meet a sudden demand. The attitude of both houses toward this proposition is epitomized in the fol lowing unpublished statement of one of the leaders of congress: "The bill is not intended to yield a profit to the banks, but is intended to render it unnecessary to even take tlie currency out. I may go farther and say to render it impossible for the national banks of the country to suspend payment to their creditors and at the same time escape the ap pointment of receivers to wfnd up their affairs. If auch a law had been on a statute book in October there would have been no suspension of payment by the banks." BOnd Holdings Underestimated •Many new facts regarding the finan citI work of the country have been unearthed as a result of the present investigation. One of the most sur prising of these is the fact that the west has parted company with the east insofar as municipal loans are concerned and now finances its own public improvements. The N. W. Harris report to Speaker Cannon again serves a? authority. "The west,is a much larger owner of bonds than is generally supposed," writes Mr. Harris, "and is increasing more rapidly than the east and will undoubtedly continue to do so. Mu nicipal bonds issued in the west are now nearly all purchased by western investors, while New York investors have always favored railway bonds, so that New Yorw has never been much of a market for municipal issues. Of course municipal bonds originating in the state of New York are bought by the New York Savings banks. However, I am sure that of late years there have been more mu nicipal bonds which were issued in the state of New York which have been bought by and are now owned in the west than there have been western municipal bonds bought by, and owned in New York. Hence, so far as the market for municipal bonds is concerned, their value is by no means controlled by Wall Street." This statement, coming from one whose leadership in municipal bonds is as real, though silent, as Morgan's in industrial issues, explains the sup port liich many western bankers are giving to the Aldrich bill in spite of the assertions of its opponents that it is drafted in the interests of east ern institutions. Views of Western Financier* One of these bankers writes: "There is no doubt but we need some form of elastic currency and with this properly secured by mu nicipal, state and county bonds as originally proposed there is no doubt it would help a great deal during thfe period when more currency is need ed. If the public could feel that $500,000,000 could be issued it Would have a wholesome influence land ail lay the fear that the hanks ic'annot furnish a sufficient amount of cur rency during a panic." custody of its own officers. This left. Reverting again to me in. w.™ the country dependent on the state ris report, as the most authoritative banks for banking facilities and led and dispassionate analysis of the sit- Another signiffcarit extract from the unpublished correspondence on the question which is rapidly accum ulating here at the capitol is the statement "Of a western hanker that he would get what bonds were need ed if they were not already on hand. "We do not believe in an asset cur rency," writes this hand president, "but believe all money should be se cured by (bonds and issued by the government in order to keep the cur rency, silver and gold, on an equality as the people wil insist on currency, or gold. An asset currency, in my opinion, would put a premium on gold unless the government stands back of the currency. We are perfectly will ing to supply ourselves with such bonds as the government will ac cept." Reverting again to the N. W. Har- nation that yet has appeared, the in terests of state and savings banks of which there are over 11,000 in the country, are given, together with some sidelight facts on the recent flurry that are highly Interesting. The report says: "During the late panic a large amount of currency was sold at 3 per cent premium. Hence, the price paid for the use of bonds was very small, as compared with the amount paid for currency. The market value of bonds, as a class, of the kind which were accepted by the government to secure government deposits by the national banks, did not advance dur ing the panic. Many issues fell ma terially, but perhaps they did not fall in market value as much as they would have done if they could not have been used by the government but certainly the fact that they could 'be used by the government did not strengthen the market over a fraction of one per cent. When it is considered that under the Aldrich bill the amount of bonds in the country available for basis of circulation is, as above stater, up wards of $3,500,000,000, the possibil ity of a temporary use of $250,000,00 to $500,000,000 of bonds at an average of only once in ten years certainly will advance their value but very lit tle and as the municipal bonds are nearly one-half of the total amount, the municipalities of the country, which so directly represent the peo ple, will get whatever benefit there may arise from the increase in the market value of the securities that they issue. National Banks Divide Benefits "The trust and savings banks of Chicago own over $72,000,000 of bonds and during the late panic we were loaners of bonds to the national banks, to enable them to obtain Uni ted States government deposits. Our rule was to loan the bonds to national banks, we receiving, in return, one half of the currency that they re ceived from the government as a de posit, and- such was the policy adop ted by the largest trust and savings banks of Chicago. Hence, the bene fit of the currency obtained from the government was thus secured to the trust and savings banks, and other state banks, as well as to the national banks. "The Aldrich bill makes no provis ions for currency to be issued to state banks. However, as they are large holders of the bonds, they can secure their proper benefit from the Aldrich hill by furnishing bonds to thejlia tional bands who do not own them, along lines similar to those above mentioned. Certainly, the large state banks of the country should be pro vided, in case of a naic, with emerg ency currency, as well as the national banks and, as indicated above, they can secure the benefit directly under the Aldrich bill as now drafted. Favors Central Bank Plan "Personally, I would prefer to see congress provide for the organization of. a central bank, but I agree that the great mass of people, and their representatives in congress are not ready for such legislation. Hence trust that at least some legislation providing for an elastic currency will be enacted along the lines Of th& Aid rich bill. Naturally, the national bank officials would prefer a general asset currency legislation, along the lines of the Fowler bill, which would yield a good profit to the national banks." The purpose of the Aldrich bill, however, is not to provide a profit to banks but to remove any further fear of another "money pinch" panic. While this fear is not the only cause of panics it is such a prime factor, as has just been forcibly demonstrat ed, that any legilsation that will put an end to it is regarded as of vital importance to all sections of the country. If history can be depended upon to repeat itself, the action of congress along this line will not Only accomplish this but will point the way for a new period of prosperity comparable with those that in the past have invariably followed the establishment of new milestones in the path of the currency system. REPUBLICANS BEGIN WORK County Delegates Meet at Maxbasc— Freeman Endorsed "as Repre sentative Maxbass, N. D., Feb. 24.—Grant- S. Trimble of WesthOpe received the en dorsement by the conference of repub licans held at Maxbass as a candidate for senator from the newly created forty-seventh legislative district com posed of the territory in Bottineau county west of the Mouse river. Hon. Will Freeman of Maxbass was en dorsed for re-election as representa tive. The conference was largely attend ed, there being present more than 500 republicans from all parts of the district and everything passed off har moniously. Eight persons were endorsed as del egates to the republican state con vention at Minot, subject to the action of the republican county convention The list follows: F. M. Tyler, Eckman Charles Grape, Hurd G. W. Baker, Westhope F. A. Rinkle, Antler Ole Bjorgo, New berg D. H. Cook, Langsford R. J. Murphy, Russell F. J. Lillie, Max hass. The following resolution was adopt ed on motion of Representative Wil liam Freeman: Whereas, for the purpose of bene- fitting himself personally it has pleas ed Chas A. Straton, editor of the Antler American, to sever his con nection with that paper, now we, the republicans of the forty-seventh leg islative district, in convention assem bled, do hereby testify to the fact that we recognize in Mr. Stratton a good citizen, a strong and honest re publican, and trust that the new affi liations that he may make will not on ly be financially beneficial, but per sonally aceptable to him and we ten der to him the thanks of the party for the services he had rendered. BOY'S HEAD IS CUT OPEN Pulsations of Brain Were Seen Through Opening Made in Head Linton, N. D., Feb. 24.—Last No vember Abel, the ten year old son of Antony Compaan, was Injured by be ing thrown from a horse that he was riding. It was supposed that the wound he received in the head would heal in time. But, as it did not do so, Dr. Shockey thought it best that the boy be taken to Eureka, where Drs. Shockey and Gerdes would perform the operation known as trephining. This was done, the doctors removing two pieces of the skull e^-h about an inch long and half an incu wide, mak ing an opening through which the pul sations of the brain could be seen. The little patient is getting along as well as could be expected, con sidering the serious nature of his in jury. Young Abel is having more than his share of suffering. About two years age he had a severe attack of blood-poisoning in one of his arms and it took careful work by the doc tors to save his arm. DISCUSS CONTROL OF CORPORAT Prominent Men of Willow City Lose in Lively Discussion at County Seat Bottineau, N. D., Feb. 24.—Bot tineau's debaters won over Willow City, the decision of the judges stand ing two to one in favor of Bottineau. The question for debate was "Re solved, that such corporations as tel ephone, telegraph and express com panies and railways, except street railways, be created and controlled by the federal government." The Willow City Debating club had chosen the affirmative and was represented by Wills Smith, principal of the Willow City schools Rev. John G. Reinhardt, pastor of the Presbyterian church, and George Sunberg, cashier of the Merchants National bank. The Bot tineau Literary club's representatives were Atty. A. G. Burr and A. Bes ancon and Iver M. Brandjord, county auditor. The judges were A. E. Coger and W. C. Fraine of Rugby, and Matt Johnson of Omemee. Mr. Johnson was chosen by the affirmative and Mr. Coger by the negative. DE PARIS DIES FROM FREEZING Both of Lakota Man's Feet Were Am putated in an Effort to Save His Life—Suffered Terribly From His Injuries, Grahd Forks, Feb. 24.—Arthur De Paris, who was terribly fozen in his shack in Lakota, where he went on a spree of a week with a case of whis key, died at a local hospital. Both his feet were badly frozen and were am putated after his arrival here in an effort to save his life. His condition has been critical and his death was not unexpected. He was a carpenter in Lakota and a good worker. DeParis has no relatives so far as known and* was peniless when death came. His body was removed to Nor man's undertaking rooms. The deceased narowly escaped be ing frozen to death in his shack. He was found helpless in bed by H. J. land Fred Smith. They were obliged tp break into the shack to rescue him. The body will be shipped to Lakota ifor burial. MAKE BRISK CAMPAIGN Johnson, Twitchell, Skulason and Hel geson to Make Addresses With in Next "Few bay* Grand Forke, N. D., Feb. 28.—M. N. Johnson will invade the southern sec tion of the state next week. Monday evening he will speak at Gynner, Sar geant county. Tuesday afternoon he will make an address at Rutland, Sar geant county. He will be in Lisbon Wednesday evening for an address and will talk at Ft. Ransom, Ransom county, Thursday afternoon at o'clock. Other progressive republican speakers will also be active. Twitchell speaks at several towns along the Soo line in Walsh county this week B. G. Skulason will make an address at Auburn Friday evening and at Ar doch Saturday evening. H. T. Hel geson i® making addresses in Nelson county. He will speak at Tolna, An eta, McVille and other places. DIED FROM INJURIE8 Young Man Succumbs As Result of Frightful Wounds. Wahpeton, N. D., Feb. 24.—Edwin Sether, the young man who was in jured in the elevator at Mooreton last week, died at St. Francis hospital. It was thought that he would recover but the shock and great loss of blood was too great. The body was taken to Mooreton for burial. A brother of the deceased met death by accident about four years ago, a heavily load ed wagon running over 'him and kill ing him almost instantly. LABOR WAR PREDICTED REDUCTION IN WAGES IN CHI CAGO MAY BRING ON FIGHT RAILROADS SAY THAT WITH RATE REDUCTIONS THEY CAN'T PAY OLD WAGES Chicago, Feb. 26.—These are anx ious days for the 42 railroads having terminals in Chicago and for the rail road labor organizations which have headquarters here. Both sides are nerving themselves for the contest over the wage scale which will take place this spring and which may pre cipitate the biggest labor wax against which this country has ever known. A year ago at the wage conference held here the men were granted ad vance in the scale amounting to $100,00,000. Since then rates have been lowered in many states and tra ffic has fallen off to such an extent that railway managers declare they will be unable to continue the "pros perity" scale of wages. Labor lead ers on the other hand declare they will fight to the last ditch rather than consent to a cent's reduction in pay. This premises some lively sessions for the wage conference which will take place in Chicago in April. Headquarters are already being estab lished here by the engineers, firemen, conductors and trainmen and word has been sent to all the local unions to select delegates to a convention which anay be held at a later date. In the meantime matters will be further complied by the investigation into'the question which will be undertaken by the interstate commerce commission, at the recent request of the president. The seriousness of the situation may be realized when it is remembered that there are now 1,640,000 men em ployed by the railroads of the country. If any large portion of these men were called out on strike it would paralyze commerce and probably lead to another panic, more disastrous than that of last fall. "Twenty-four years I have watched these men and never, not once in all that time have I known one of them to evade an obligation on a mere technicality," remarked Secretary George F. Stone of the Chicago Board of Trade, now entering upon his twenty-fifth year of office. "When one realizes that the transactions on the Chicago Board of Trade reach up in value into hundreds of millions a year, and that sales and purchases, of course, cannot be set out in agree ments such as are used in real estate transactions, such a record is re markable, isn't it. Those men in there," he added, pointing to the shouting brokers on the floor busy buying and selling grain and provis ions, "would not thank any man to show him a technical point by which he could evade the obligations of a contract. Time and again during these years I have seen these men strip themselves of everything in order to meet their obligations. Men take pride in meeting their contracts at whatever cost within a quibble, pride in a clean record. Show one of these felows who buy the farmers' crops, for either immediate or future delivery, a chance to back out of a contract, and he will tell you—and I have heard them—'no sir, not for the whole Board of Trade." These are the men who have relentlessly fought the mere gambling of bucket shops. Dur ing the dark days of the Civil war, the Board sent several regiments into the field, aiid whenever some calamity or emergency calls for prompt action, the man with a subscription paper al ways goes to the Board of Trade first. Within the week $6,000 was collected within a short time for the relief of the unemployed and their families in the city of Chicago. Faith in the commercial future of the waterways of the country and es pecially of the Lakes-to-the-Gulf Deep waterway has just received striking justification in the announcement that the Corn Products Manufacturing Co., the so-called "glucose trust" is about, to invest $5,000,000 in a manufactur ing plant and a model city on the banks of the Chicago drainage canal, the first link in the deep waterway. This is significant as the first move on the part of industrial interests to' take advantage of the low rates of fered by water carriers as opposed, to the railroads. The Corn Products Co., it is rumored, will close the Peoria plants and as miteh as possible of the company's manufacturing will oe done at the new plant on the drain' age canal. Dockage has been rented from the sanitary district for a per iod of 99 years and land has been bought for the factories arid the em ployee's quarters. The new town will he known as Argo arid will be modelled somewhat after the United States Steel company's industrial city at Gary, Indiana. Legal searchlights turned back1 ward upon the primitive transporta tion methods during the pionefer days of Chicago and vicinity, last week discovered old Shabbona, chief of the Pottawottamies, and his descriptions of Indian travel and portages In days even before the white man came, in depositions taken concerning the act ual navigability of the .{.x's river, in the state's light upon a dam in that river built by the Economy Light & Power company it was re lated by a pioneer of Ottawa, D. H. Raymon, that Chief Shabbona lived at his home for years and often had described to him as a boy how the Indians carried their birch canoes around the rapids in the Desplaines river as they had to do in going from Lake Michigan to the Illinois river. Old settlers have testified that be cause the Desplaines was not naviga ble, goods were commonly brought from St. Louis to the people in the Desplaines and Illinois river valleys until the Illinois and Michigan canal was completed. The river's current is very rapid at the point where the dam in controversy is being built and provision has been made for water way locks and a pool, making in fact a $500,000 link in the waterway chan nel from Chicago to the Gulf, approv ed by the war department. The state however, is seeking to secure for it self the waterpower in the river, if its constitution be amended next No vember as is necessary to permit it to do so. A desperate plot to overthrow the present King of Servia and seat an American claimant on the throne is Chicago's latest contribution to the gaiety of nations. That the conspir acy is not taken seriously has in no way dampened the ardor of "Prince" Theodore Max Strew of Iowa, the claimant to the throne, and his gen eralissimo and chief of staff, Dr. Ben L. Reitman, who recently achieved fame by leading an "army" of .the unemployed through the streets of •this city. Dr. Reitman now plans to turn these men into an actual army, with which to besiege Belgrade and seize the reins of government. The money for the expedition is to come from anonymous wine merchants in this country who are represented as casting covetous eyes on the rich vin yards of the Balkan provinces. "Prince" Strow, the wouldJbe founder of the Iowa dynasty, claims descent from Obilitch, the hero king of Ser via, whose descendants were banish ed fro mthe country in 1704. Strew is at present, it is said, employed by •the Rock Island railroad at Numa, la. Dr. Reitman plans before long to equip a ship and recruit 3,000 men in his cause. Meanwhile the conspir acy continues to conspire, in spite of the activity of the host of Servian secret agents and their remorseless system of surveillance over the ex Servian population of Numa, la., and middle western states. The center of the fight over the national question of prohibition has suddenly shifted for the time being from the South to Chicago and Illi nois. Both the prohibitionists and the liquor dealers and brewers realize that the future spread or checking of the prohibition movement is vital ly dependent on the issue of the April elections which will be held throughout the state. The prohibi tionists from their headquarters in this city are straining every nerve to carry the day. The liquor dealers on the other hand have caused general surprise and commendation by the new stand which they have taken. At a special meeting of the National Wholesale Liquor Dealers' association held here a few days ago, a majority of the leading liquor dealers came out in favor of putting an end to any abuses now existing in the liquor trade. At the same time they ex pressed their intention of "coming out into the open" and inviting dis cussion of the entire question. This is the policy which has been pursued by the prohibitionists for fifty years. The liquor dealers claim that they have more facts on their side than the prohibitionists and that while the fifty years' fight has been waging, prohibition in actual practice has proved a failure wherever it has been tried. Their evidence should prove interesting and the facts will show whether they are right or wrong. The significant point is the appeal to facts, for it marks the passing of the old days when silence rather than facts was regarded as the proper answer to any public attack on an establish ed business. BOTTINEAU LOOKS TO CARNEGIE Library Tor Bottineau Now a Proposi tion Receiving Considerable Discussion Bottineau, N. D., Feb. 24.—A. G. Burr has received word from Andrew Carnegie that the philanthropic iron master looks with favor on Botti neau's applicaion for funds with whi5h to build a public library build ing in this city. Mr. Carnegie has sent to Mr. Burr the formal application blank to he filled out. We are informed that a guaranty on the part Of the city council that a certain levy will be made each year for the support of a library Is necessary and the city must also furnish a site. It has been Mr. Carnegie's rule in the past to give an amount for the construction of a building ten times as large as can be raised by taxation to support the li brary after it is established. About $1,200 can thus be raised in Bottineau so it is likely thta he would be will ing to give from $10,000 to $12,000 for a'building. The matter is at present in the hands of a committee composed of three members of the city council and three members of the Bottineau Literary club and it is probable that this joint" committee wil present the mater to the citizens at a mass meet some time in the near future. t:4 Jk