The Julesburg grit-advocate., April 30, 1914, Image 2

About The Julesburg grit-advocate. (Julesburg, Colo.) 1907-1972

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U.S.ACCEPTS MEXICOMEDIATION
Peace Offer Made by Envoys of Brazil,
Chile and Argentine Republic
PRESIDENT TELLS ENVOYS THEIR
'SERVICES IN BRINGING
" ABOUT PEACE WILL BE
WELCOME.
—
WAR PLANS TO 6O ON
WILSON AND SECRETARY BRYAN
WARN THAT HUERTA'S ACTS
BREAK OFF ALL NEGOTIA
TIONS.
Western Newspaper U'nion News Service.
Washington, April 27.—With reports
pouring in of anti-American demon
strations all over Mexico, including
one stating several Americans were
killed in Mexico City, President Wil
son and Secretary Bryan Saturday ac
cepted a proffer of “good offices” by
the lepresentatives of Argentina, Bra
zil and Chile, the Latin-America “A.
B. C. alliance,” to bring about peace in
Mexico.
Conferences were held by the repre
sentatives of these countries and other
South and Central American nations
to draft a plan of mediation.
While it is not known just what
form their proposals will take, it is
understood the elimination of Huerta
and ultimate restoration of normal
conditions in Mexico will be demanded
by Washington.
* Text of Mediation Notes.
The text of the offer made by the
Brazilian ambassador and the minis
ters from Argentina and Chile, and the
reply of the American government,
was transmitted by Secretary Bryan
in person to the three diplomats, is as
follows:
“The government of the United
States is deeply sensible of the friend
liness, the good feeling and t he gen
uine concern for the peace and wel
fare of America manifested in the
joint note just received from your ex
cellency tendering the good offices of
your government to effect if possible
a settlement of the present diffi
culty between the government of the
United States and those who now
claim to represent our sister republic
of Mexico.
“Conscious of the ‘purpose with
which the proffer is made, this govern
ment does not feel at liberty to de
cline it. Ita own chief interest is in the
peace of America, the cordial inter
course of her republic, and their peo
ple, and the happiness and prosperity
which can spring only out of frank,
mutual understandings and the friend
ship which is created by common pur
pose. The generous offer of your gov
ernment is therefore accepted.
“This government hopes most ear- f
nestly that you may find those who|"
speak for the several elements of the|"
Mexican people willing and ready to|"
discuss terms of satisfactory, and,|'
therefore, permanent settlement. If|t
you should find them willing, this gov
ernment will be glad to take up with|!
vou for discussion in the frankest and |
most conciliatory spirit any proposals | !
that may be authoritatively formu.|!
lated, and will hope that they may |
prove feasible and prophetic of a new ||
day of mutual cooperation and’ confi
dence in America.
May Have to Fight. |
“This government feels bound in
candor to say that its diplomatic rela- |
tions with Mexico being for the pres
ent severed, it is not possible for it
to make sure of an uninterrupted op
portunity to carry out the plan of in
termediation which you propose. It
is, of course, possible that some act
of aggression on the part of those who
control the military forces of Mexico
might oblige the United States to act
to the upsetting of the hopes of imme
diste peace, but this does not justify
us in hesitating to accept your gen
erour suggestion.
“We shall hope for the best results
within a brief time, enough to relieve
our anxiety lest most {ll-considered
hostile demonstrations should inter
rupt negotiations and disappoint our
hopes of peace.”
The text of the offer made by the
three countries was:
“Mr. Secretary of State:
“With the purpose of subserving the
interest of peace and civilization in all
our continent and with the earnest de
sire to prevent any further bloodshed
to the prejudice of the cordiality and
unfon which have always surrounded
the relations of the governments and
the people of America ,we the plenipo
tentaries of Brazil, Argentina and
Consul Held Prisoner; Flags Burned.
SN N A NR e A Tel eD o i e b
Washington, April 27.—President
Wilson and Secretary Bryan were
greatly incensed upon receiving a dis
patch from Consul General Philip C.
Hanna at Monterey, Mex., announcing
that he had been subjected to insults
and indignities by Mexican federal of
ficers there and kept prisoner in the
government palace from April 22 until
the Constitutionalist forces captured
the town two days later. The consul
reported that mobs led by Federal of
ficials tore down all the American
flags in the city, trampled upon them
and burned them up in the streets.
Chile, duly authorized hereto. have the
honor to tender your excellency’s gov
ernment our good offices for the
peaceful and friendly settlemeut of
the conflict between the United
States and Mexico.
“This offer pu.” in due form the
suggestions which we have had occa
sion to refer heretofore on this sub
ject to the secretary to whom we re
new the assurances of our highest and
most distinguished consideration.
“D. DA GANA.
~ “R. S. NAON.
| “EDUARDO SUAREZ MUJICA.”
} —
~ As 500 nas the American acceptance
was received, notice was served on
the Spanish ambassador, acting
charge d’affaires for Mexico, for va
rious Latin-American governors and
‘General Carranza, the rebel leader in
Mexico.
The three South American envoys
who proposed the intermediation to
the United States laid before their
conferees the notes that had passed be
tween them gnd the American govern
ment.
The Costa Rico envoy, Joaquin Cal
vo, ranking minister of the diplomatic
corps, and Dr. Alberto Membrano,
minister from Honduras, joined the
three South American plenipotentia
ries while they were conferring on
their plans for mediation.
Ignacio Calderon, minister of Boli
‘via; Federico Alfonso Pezet, minister
of Peru; Euzbio Morales, minister
from Panama, and Manuel de la Vega-
Calderon, charge d'affaires of Cuba,
joined the conferees later.
The Navy Department received
word that the American consulate ‘;t
Mazatlan. on the Pacific coast of Mex
‘ico, had been stoned by a mob. Other
‘anti-American demonstrations oc
curred there.
Reports from other points, including
Tampico, indicate similar demonstra
tions.
Americans Put Off Train.
Consul Canada at Vera Cruz sent
reports of anti-American demonstra
tions and general unrest in Mexice
City. He heard that 125 Americans
were put off a train at Pachucan by
the train crew but that another train
had gone out from Mexico City to as
sist them in continuing their journey
to Vera Cruz.
‘Secretary Garrison announced he
had issued no orders for any further
troop movements and that army offi
cers were to use their own disere
tion in protecting international
‘bfldges on tue border.
The Navy Department dispatched
vessels up and down the Atlantic end
Pacific coasts of Mexico to take away
American consuls and refugees gen
erally.
Between 3,000 and 3,500 refugees al
ready have been protected or are en
route to the United States.
The strongest possible representa
tions will be made to Huerta that any
violation of the rules of civilized war
fare through which American men,
women and children suffer, not only
will provoke just reprobation of the
world, but provoke retaliatory meas
ures of the sternest description from
the United States.
Definite instructions from Rear Ad
‘mlral Badger, commander in chief of
the Atlantic fleet, to all- American
non-combatants to leave Vera Cruz by
the steamer Mexico were posted at
the consulate and other conspicuous
places.
War Plans Continue.
Senators and representatives de
clined to be quoted about the new
phase of the situation, but those who
discussed it believed it was right for
the United States to accept good
offices, though not agreeing in ad
vance to any cessation of its prepara
tions for emergencies.
Some officials expressed the view
also that even though armed interven
tion on an extensive scale became
necessary, the United States would
have completed its records for a set
tlement of the Mexican difficulty
through peaceful means.
Colquitt Asks for Help.
Governor Colquitt of Texas tele
graphed Representative Garner that
if the War Department would stand
| the expense of defense of the Mexi
| can border by the Texas National
.| Guard he would be glad to put the
entire guard on duty there.
Huerta Accepts Mediation Plan.
Washington, April 27.—Spanish Am
bassador Riano announced late Sunday
night that he had received private ad
vices from Mexico City stating that
General Huerta had accepted the of
fer of Argentina, Brazil and Chile to
use their good offices to bring abou:
an amicable settlement of the difti
culty between the United States and
Mexico.
Cut Vera Cruz-Mexico City Cable.
Rt ann S . asbder oe i eee e A SPS WS
Washington, April 27.—The cable
between Vera Cruz and Mexico City
has been cut about seven miles beyond
the American lines. One of Admiral
Fletcher’s men sent to repair it was
prevented by Mexican soldiers. This
information came to the Navy Depart
ment from Rear Admiral Fletcher.
Admiral Fletcher's dispatch also
stated that alarming reports as to con
ditions in Mexico City and resent
ment against Americans there was
brought by refugees who arrived in
Vera Crusz. .
JULEBSBURG
U.S. ARMY AT VERACRUZ
TROOPS SUCCEED SAILORS IN OC
CUPATION OF CITY.
Eurepean Pressure and Villa's Refuea!
te Aid Him in War Caves Dic
tator to Drop Defiancs.
Western Newspaper Union News Bervice
EPITOME OF MEXICAN
SITUATION.
April 27.—Spanish ambassador,
representing Mexico at Washington.
n"- Hueria accepts mediation plan
t is announced in Berlin that
Germany, England and France have
| advjsed Provisional Pregident Hu
erta, through their ministers in
Mexico City, to accede to the de
mands of the United States.
Secretarv Bryan ammounced that
all arrangements had been complet
ed to permit all Americans in &-x
--ico City to leave there. Neven hun
dred American men and women are
to go, comprising the last remnants
of the American colony. Washing
ton satisfied most Americans in
Mexico now out of danger.
Villa credited with nylv he
would prevent war with nited
States at any cost. Will arrest Gen
eral Carransa if latter makes move
to upset these gllnl.
Five thousand Mexican refugees
at Fort Bliss ordered moved l“;-um
:;mn Bliss, Tex., to Fort Wingate,
Fifth Brigade transports reach
Vera Crus. General Funston in su
preme command on land of 10,000
soldiers and marines.
April 22.—Neison O'Shaughnessy,
American charge at Mexico City,
was handed his passports by Gen
eral Huerta, and Sefior Don Angelo
Algara, Mexican ambassador at
Washington, was recalled.
Rear Admiral Badger, command
ing the Atlantic fleet, officially re
ported to the Navy Department the
arrival at Vera Cruz of his flag
ship the Arkansas, along with the
battleships Vermont, New Jersey,
i\few Hampshire and South Caro
ina.
April 23.—General Carranza, su
preme chief of the rebels in Mexico,
addresses a letter to President Wil
son, protesting auainst the occupa
tion of Vera Cruz, demanding rec
ognition of his government, and
threatening to unite the entire
Mexican peopie in war against the
United States h g i
"\t:;ndulnt“lh at Vera Cruz be
tween reinforced American marines
and Mexican sharovshooters results
in killing of eight more Americans
and seriously wounding thirty.
Mexican losses are placed at nearly
300 dead and many wounded.
April 24 —Mexicans in City of
Mexico trample American flag,
smash windows at -American Club
and insult guests.
General Funston and 3,500 troops
of reinforced Fifth Brigade sailed
from Galveston for Vera Cruz.
General Villa of Constitutionalists
evinces friendship for U. 8. and gov
ernment hopes friction will" be
avolded.
Refugee train with O'Shaugh
nessy and other Americans, Britons,
Germans and Spaniards, reaches
Vera Cruz, while the flight of oth
erll was halted from Mexican capl
tal.
‘Border points all being -trnn,ly
fortified and rumors of army in
vasion are current.
Senate. passes volunteer army
bill, which makes militia a part of
the regular nrmg in time of war.
Measure signed by President.
April 25.—U. 8. accepts "reav-- of
- mn:]le by envoys o Brasil,
Chile and Argentine Republic.
Washington, April ~ 28.—Increasing
boldness of rebels in Mexico City, pres
sure by all the great powers of the
world and realization that he cannot
look to the fighting followers of Villa
for assistance, have broken the de
flant spirit of Huerta.
His formal acceptance of the South
American alliance’s offer of mediation
was received here simultaneous witht
the announcement that the American
army under General Funston had
reached Vera Cruz and that General
Villa was in conference with General
Carranza at Chihuahua, determined to
force Carranza into neutrality or
break with him.
The United States troops reached
Vera Cruz and will relieve the blue
jackets, who have been on shore duty
since the port was seized last Tues
day.
War preparations are going ahead,
and to these troops will be added oth
ers who sail from Galveston today.
'This latter detachment will consist
'mostly of artillery, and when it ar
rives practically an entire rcgiment of
artillery, equipped with more than 160
pieces, will be at Vera Cruz.
A more friendly attitude displayed
in the Mexican capital towards for
eigners was in a measure explained
when it was learned from refugees
reaching Vera Cruz that rebel sup
porters in Mexico City had taken steps
to change public opinion. They circu
lated handbills calling upon the people
to protect Americans and denouncing
Huerta as the cause of the landing of
the American naval forces at Vera
Cruz and also as the author of false
and {nflammatory statements pub
lished in Mexico City.
Strikers Capture McNally Mine.
Walsenburg, Colo., April 28 —Two
hundred strikers Monday afternoon at
tacked and captured the McNally mine
of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Com
pany near here. The sheriff says seven
mine guards have been killed in the
battle, a woman was shot through the
arm and a man named Peet was shot
through the leg. One mine guard who
was killed is said to be Jesse Russell.
The woman shot through the arm is
Maggie Gregory, a cousin of Superin
tendent Thomas Davis of the McNally
mine. The boarding house and bunk
house were burned and the tipple and
shafthouse reported dynamited.
‘ Santa F& Bridge Destroyed.
) Pueblo.—The Atchison, Topeka &
| Banta Fé bridge across the Arkansas
| river at a point between Forber and
'| this city was burned after the abut
'| ments had been dynamited. The
'| troops ordered to Florence and Canon
City by General Chase, and which he
'| commanded in person, were supposed
"| to be routed over this road. At the last
‘| minute the routing was changed, as
' | the troops went over the Denver & Rio
| Grande. |
GRIT-ADVOCATR.
AMMONS ASKS TROOPS
COLORADO LEGISLATURE YO CON
VENE MONDAY, MAY & ‘
|
Govermner Asks the Legisiature to Pro
vide for Payment of Treeps on Duty
in Strike District.
Western Newspaper Union News Servies.
Deaver, April 27.—Goversor Ellas
M. Ammoas Saturday night tele
sraphed formal request to Presideat
Wilson to send federal troops into the
Colorado coal strike zome. Immedi
ately following this act the state’s
chief executive called a special ses
sion of the Legislature te conveme
May 4.
Ammeong’ Message te Wilsen.
“Denver, Colo., April 25, 1914.—His
Excellency Woodrow Wilson, Pres
ident of the United States, Wagh
ington, D. C.: :
“Conditions in this state compel me
to request of you that federal troops
be sent immediately into the state of
Colorado, for the following reasons:
“Since September 28, 1913, there
has been a general strike of coal min
ers throughout the major portion of
the state of Colorado. The situation
in the southerm part of the state in
Governor E. M. Ammons.
the Trinidad district became so criti
cal because of disorder beyond the
ability of the local authorities to con
trol that on October 26, 1913, the state
militia was called into service and
sent into the field.
“The district which was particularly
affected with disorder was approxi
mately eighty miles in length and the
situation demanded all the militia that |
it was possible to secure under the‘
conditions here in Colorado. |
“About one month ago, the trouble
having apparently abated, the troops
were gradually withdrawn until only
a small number remained in the
troubled district. Thereupon the con
dition immediately became greatly ag
gravated, a vast amount of property,
‘amounting to millions of dollars was
~destroyed, many lives were lost and
‘we were compelled to return immedi
ately as many militia as was possible.
“Armed men in open defiance of law
are congregating from various por
tions of the state in the affected dis
trict.
“There are probably 3,000 men,
armed, in open .insurrection. I have
available 650 militiamen, without abil
MUSSER HEADS INVESTIGATORS.
Ammons Appoints Committee to Fix
Blame for Deaths in Strike Field.
Denver, April 27..—A committee to
ihvestigate and report upon the vio
lences in the southern coal strike dis
trict last week, particularly the fight
ing at the Ludlow tent colony and the
burning of the tents, where many
were killed, was appointed by Gov
enror Ammons., Chief Justice George
W. Musser of the State Supreme
Court is chairman.
Chief Justice Musser was largely re
sponsible for the truce in the strike
district which was reached Friday aft
ernoon. :
The members are: Chief Justice
Musser of the Supreme Court; A. F.
King, presiding judge of the State
Court of Appeals; the Rev. Allan A.
Tanner, pastor of the First Congrega
tional church; Norton Montgomery,
deputy attorney general, and M. P.
Capp, warden of the state reformatory.
Later the governor appointed Mrs.
Alma Lafferty, a member of the com
mittee, at the request of the women’s
mass meeting.
Executive Board of Miners to Meet.
Indianapolis, April 27.—Frank J.‘
Hayes, secretary - treasurer of the
United Mine Workers of America, said
that on May 1 a meeting of the gen
eral executive board will be called to
decide whether to call a general strike
of the 500,000 miners throughout the
country as a protest against condi
tions in Colorado. “The Colorado sit
uation is more vital than the one in
Mexico,” Hayes said. “It is one of hu
man rights, not property rights. There
is a strong possibility of a general
‘Mke."
ity to Imcrease materially this nem- |
ber.
“The situation has passed beyosd
the ability of the state to coatrel it
This domestic violence is the result
of an industrial coatroversy betweel
interstate orgamizations Wwith head
quarters outside the state of Colo
rado.
“I, therefore, urgeatly request that
.you send forthwith to Ludlow, Cele
rado, and to such other portioms of
the state as the commanding officer
‘may deem necessary, not less tham
one battalion of infastry and oae
troop of cavalry.
‘ “The Legislature of this state cas
‘Bot be convened in time to meet this
emergency, and I, therefore, have the
bonor to make this request as gov
ernor of the state, pursuant to Sec
tion 4, Article IV. of the Ceastity
tion of the United States.
“ELIAS M. AMMONS, :
“Governor of Colorade.”
Governor Ammons’ decision to ap
peal for federal help was made late in
the afterncon, after the committes of
women representing the mass meeting
of women which was held throughout
‘the day in the chamber of the House
‘of Representatives, had called upoa
'him several times. About the middle
of the afternoon the governor went
into conference with Colcnel Alfred
C. Sharp and Major W. P. Stone of
the United States Army. Following
his conference with them he an
nounced his intention and telegraphed
Preeident Wilson.
“The purposes ‘for which the Legis
lature is to assemble are:
“First —To provide for paying,
either by the issuance of bonds, spe
cial tax levy or otherwise, the ex
penses which have been or shall be
incurred in restoring and preserving
peace and good order and in suppress
ing insurrection with the ald of the
National Guard of Colorado during the
coal miners’ strike of 1913-1914, and
'to pay all expenses of the state inci
dent thereto.
“SBecond—To enact a law submitting
to the people of the state an amend
ment to the constitution to empower
the Legislature to enact laws for arbi
tration in all labor disputes and to
provide for the enforcement of the de
cisions of the arbitration boerd.
“Third—To enact a law establishing
a state constabulary or state peace of
ficers and defining their powers and
duties.
“Fourth—To enact a law or laws au
thorizing the governcr and other offi
cers in time of internal disorder to
close saloons and otherwise to regu
late or prohibit the sale, gift, pur
chase and use of intoxicating liquors
in any specified district, where, in his
judgment, it {8 necessary for the pub
lic good so to do.
“F#th—To enact a law or laws au
thorizing the governor in times of
internal disorder, to regulate or pro
hibit the sale, gift and purchase of
firearms and ammunition and the
carrying thereof except by authorized
persons.
“Bixth—To appropriate the sums
necessary to defray the expenses of
the extra session hereby called.
“Whereas, in the judgment of the
governor of the state of Colorado, the
present is one of the extraordinary oc-|
casions required in the constitution of
the state for the calling of special ses
sions of the General Assembly.
“Now, therefore, I, Elias M. Am
mons, govarnor of the state of Colo
rado, do by this proclamation convene
the Nineteenth General Assembly of
said state and hereby summon the
members thereof to meet in special
session at the capitol in the city of
Denver and the state of Colorado, on
Monday, the 4th day of May, 1914, at
12 o'clock noon.”
Protest Against Ludlow Massacre.
Denver.—Five thousand men and
women stood before the State Capitol
Sunday in a rain storm and raised
their voices in protest against the
Ludlow Massacre.
Wilson Appeals to Rockefeller.
Washington, April 27.—President |
Wilson has made a persgnal appeal to
John D. Rockefeller to bring about a
settlement of the Colorado coal strike
and end the violence, which has cost
a score of lives and large property
loss. The financier, who owns a large
part of the mines affected by the
strike, in response to a telegram from
the President, declared he had turned
over his interests in Colorado to his
son John D. Rockefeller, Jr.. whom he
would ask to co-operate with Chair
man Foster of the House committee
‘on mines and mining.
Strikers Held for Assault.
Boulder.—Jack Knill of the Lafay
ette union was arrested on a charge
of being one of those who attacked
and badly injured Pete Ankle, Charles
Jacoby and Ed Wharburton, strike
breakers employed at the Simpson
mine. The fight occurred in front of
the home of Mrs. Weyman of Lafay
‘ette and was witnessed, according to
teh strikebreakers, by Night Marshal
John Donald, who had previously
searched them for weapons.
To Investigate Cause of Ludlow War.
Denver. — Maj. E. L. Boughton,
Capts. W. C. Danks and Philip Van
Cise of the Colorado National Guard,
were appointed a committee to investi
gate the cause of the Ludlow masse
cre. General Chase has ordered a
‘written report from every ofifcer whe
took part in the fight. The committee
will have access to all reports. i
Fire Damages Limon High 8|:hoal.1
Limon.—A loss of $7,000 was uuned‘
by fire in the Limon high school. The
building was worth $25,000, ‘
WILSON READY
TO SEND TROOPS
CONFERENCE AT WHITE HOUSE
DECIDES U. 8. MUST gTOP
| COLORADO TROUBLE.
\ —————
iPll.mll? GETS MESSAGE FROM
' FOSTER IN REGARD TO INTER
VIEW WITH MINE OWNER.
Western Newspaper Union News Service.
Washiagton, April 38.—U. 8. troops
probably will be seat to the strike re
gion ia Colorado today te restore or
der.
This became kmowa last night, fol
lowing a coaference betweem the
President, Secretary of War Garrison
and Senator Thomas, at which a tele
gram announcing that John D. Rocke
teller, owner of most of the mines ia
volved in the trouble, had refused me
diation, was read.
Representative Foster of Illinois,
chairman of the House committee on
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
mines, was sent to New York by Pres
ident Wilson to urge Rockefeller to
order arbitration of the dispute be
tween himself and the miners. Rep
resentative Foster in a telegram to
the President last night stated that
Rockefeller would not agree to medi
ate in the trouble by directing his
managers to agree to arbitrate.
The President received a long tele
gram from Foster before the latter left
New York, relating in detail his fall
ure to win Rockefeller's aid in a set
tlement of the conditions in Colorado.
It is understood that General Crow
der, who was called into the conmfer
ence at the White House, advised the
President that he was entirely within
his rights in ordering federal troops
into a state, the governor of which
had made an appeal for aid to restore
order. 4
The President is extremely reluc
tant to interfere in the internal af
fairs of Colorado. He believes Colo
rado should set its own house in or
der without involving the Washington
government in the housecleaning.
Then, he is said to doubt the political
wikdom of throwing troops into the
disturbed region to restore order, be
cause of the criticism that is certain
to arise in certain quarters that the
administration is using the military
power to crush labor and to fight the
battles of capital and the corporations.
The prolonged conference between
the President, Secretary Garrison and
Senator Thomas ended without defi
nite action. It is expected, however,
that the President will order out the
troops today.
There was tense feeling here all day
while the President awaited a report
from Representstive Foster of Illinois,
whom he sent to New York to inter
view John D. Rockefeller.
M. CAILLAUX RE-ELECTED.
Resigned Finance Portfolio After the
Calmette Shooting.
Paris.—The Socialists and Royalists
appear to have made decided gains in
the elections for members of the
Chamber of Deputies. The Caillaux
Radicals failed to muster their ex
pected strength, but M. Caillaux, who
resigned the finance portfolio after
the Calmette shooting, was re-elected.
Among the successful candidates were
M. Briand, Barthou, Deschanel and
Viviani.
Although 350 deputies . were defi
nitely chosen, the country will have
to await the result of the 251 second
ballots on May 10 before it can tell
whether the present government will
obtain a majority.
$60,000 Block Destroyed by Fire.
Rigby, Ida.—An entire block was
wiped out by fire here, the loss
amounting to $60,000.
Mexican Prisoners Transported.
‘Washington.—Orders were issued by
the War Department transferring the
6,000 Mexican prisoners, of whom 1,900
are women and children, held at Fort
Bliss, near El Paso, Tex., to Fort Win
gate, New Mex.
U.B. Flag Holsted in Vera Cruz.
Vera Cruz.—The American flag was
boisted with appropriate ceremonies
over the headquarters of Rear Admi
ral Fletcher. It was the first formal
raising of the flag.