The midland journal., March 07, 1890, Image 2

About The midland journal. (Rising Sun, Md.) 1885-1947

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' ( , THE MIDLAND JOURNAL,
—PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY AT—
RISINC SUN, MD„
— B }’—
E. E. EWING & SONS.
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.
One Tear, in Advance, .... SI.OO
Six Months, “ 50
Three Months “ ..... .25
Single Copy, 2 cents.
—ADVERTISING RATES FURNISHED ON APPLICATION.—
jEntered at the Post Office, in Rising Sun, Mil. as Second
Class Mailer.
CONSUMPTION
OUU ij_g SCROFULA
riiiimmu bronchitis
EIWULqiu COUCHS
COLDS
uUEIEd Wasting Diseases
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PALATABLE AS MILK.
Sold by all Druggists.
•COTT & BOWNE, Chemists, N.Y.
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Descriptive Boob, explanation and proofs mailed Scaled) free.
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M
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The great remedy for Consumption, ana
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If HE] Mhl.\M| jgOUBNAII
VOL. XII. RISING SUN, CECIL COUNTY, Ml)., FRIDAY, MARCH 7, 1890. NO. 25
, OR,
From Shop to Mansion.
THE ROMANTIC STORY
- OF A ■
DRESS MAKER’S RISE IN LIFE.
By MRS. F. M. HOWARD.
isr* j
■ f
—r 4^
“IF THE LORD OF GLORY HAD COME ON EARTH
IN YOUR TIME.”
The above is the title of a
new Illustrated Serial which
we have just purchased and
which will shortly be begun
in these columns. This is,
without doubt, the most
charming story we have read
in many a day. It is in
tensely interesting. It is a
powerful piece of literary
work. A life-picture, sunny
in the main, yet so full
of things that touch the finer
feelings of the heart that
the average reader will more
than once find his or her
eyelids wet with tears.
Sy N fj)<o j
“ WHAT A DREADFUL THING TO BE BORN WITH
OUT' COMMON SENSE.”
This story begins, where
* most stories end, with the
Marriage of the Heroine;
but it is none the less inter
* esting on that account. Its
fidelity to life, and its rapid
ly moving incident, and the
touching simplicity of the
narrative, all make it a story
to be read again and again.
* -I
- ■ —■ ■ - ,
M i
- “this is our snuggery.”
E2P DON’T MISS A
SINGLE CHAPTER OF
THIS GREAT STORY.
A good way to securn
them all is to
SUBSCRIBE NOW.
TIT FOR TAT.
“Lost or stolen, or wandered away,
A heart that was light as a feather.
Buoyant and free, and bright as the day,
No matter what kind was the weather.
Hello, little maid, I won’t be rash—
If you are a thief you don’t look it;
But, as my heart went off like a flash,
I—sort of—imagined you took it.
“No tv I hate to believe that a face,
The angels might covet for beauty,
Would be linked with so deep a disgrace,
And yet, to believe is my duty.
Fact is, my heart went just as you came;
A moment before it was sleeping
Own up at once your part in this game—
I’m certain the thing’s in your keeping.
“You won’t give it back? well, now that'Jj
cool;
Some folks would make quite a case of it!
But tit for tat’s a very good rule.
And I’ll just take yours in place of it.’'
He did, and the end s not hard to tell—
’Twas an easy way out of the bother.
They tramp through life now, happy and well.
While each keeps the heart of the other.
—William Lyle in Buffalo Express.
A PASHA’S SNUFF BOXES.
Some half a dozen years previous to
the sudden collapse of the Napoleonic
dynasty, in 1870, a certain sensation was
excited in Paris l>y the arrival in that
city Of an oriental potentate of ambigu
ous nationality, but popularly known
and spoken of as “the pasha." Whether
he came from Turkey or from Egypt
was regarded as a matter of compara
tively small importance; the two essen
tial points in his favor were, first, that
he was undoubtedly the possessor of
an immense fortune; and, secondly—no
slight recommendation in the Lutetian
capital—that he spoke French with tol
erable fluency. As a matte* of course
so desirable an acquisition to Parisian
society became the lion of the hour, and
no sooner was it ascertained that a spa
cious hotel overlooking the Park de
Monceaux had been engaged and fur
nished for the reception of his excellen
cy and suite than a shoal of visiters,
official and non-official, hastened to in
scribe their names in a book deposited
for the purpose in the porter’s lodge.
Every day brought a fresh installment
of signatures, until before a week had
elapsed the list threatened to rival in
length tiie traditional catalogue of Lcpo
rello.
Hussein Pasha —an assumed title, I
fancy, but the only one by which he was
generally known —was short and corpu
lent, of sallow complexion and reserved
manners; bespoke little, but what he did
say was concise and to the point. He
was extremely observant, but chary of
expressing his opinion of what lie saw or
heard —only one instance being recorded
of a temporary departure from his habit
ual taciturnity. Having been persuaded
by a member of the French Jockey club
to accompany him to the opera, he was
escorted between the acts by his cicerone
to the foyer de la danse, thereby occa
sioning great excitement among the corps
de ballet, many of whom doubtless antici
pated that, in accordance with eastern
customs, the ceremony of throwing the
handkerchief would be revived for their
own especial glorification. Nothing of
the sort, however, occurred. After a very
cursory glance at the assembled sylphides
aud a muttered ejaculation which sound
ed remarkably like “mances a balai”
(broomsticks), the visitor turned abrupt
ly on his heels and curtly intimated Iris
desire to return to his box.
A few minutes later Count was
startled by a sudde i display of anima
tion on the part of his companion, who
was gazing with absorbed attention at
an enormously stout lady occupying the
entire front of one of the stage boxes.
“Ah, la belle femme!” enthusiastically
exclaimed the pasha. “Look, is she not
superb?”
“H’m!” replied tho Jockey club exqui
site, hardly able to repress a smile, “that
is a matter of taste. Does not your ex
cellency think her perhaps on the whole
a trifle too voluminous?”
“Jamais trop, monsieur!” indignantly
retorted Hussein, “jamais trop!”
After a sojourn of three months in
Paris the pasha, who had employed a
considerable portion of his time in a
practical study of the latest inventions
and improvements, scientific and me
chanical, with the view of introducing
them into his own dominions, announced
his intention of breaking up his estab
lishment and returning to the east. Be
fore doing so, however, he was desirous
of expressing his acknowledgments in
the shape of a suitable present to certain
officials of high standing who had been
particularly serviceable to him in his re
searches, and consulted his secretary, an
intelligent young Frenchman, on tho
subject.
“M. Morin,” he said, after explaining
his project, “it seems to me that the
simplest way would be to send a few
thousand francs to each of them.”
“Pardon me, your highness,” objected
tfie secretary, “if I venture to remind
you that a present of money would be
considered a breach of etiquette and con
sequently resented as an insult.”
“You French are very singular people,”
observed the pasha. “With us no mat
ter how rich a man may be, he is not fool
enough to refuse piasters when he cap
get them. What, then, would you ad
vise tue to do?”
“May I be allowed to suggest,” re
plied Morin, “that an object of artistic
value would be a fitting token of your
highness’ good will—a gold snuff box,
for instance.”
“The very thing,” said Hussein, ap
provingly. “Where are such articles to
be found?”
“At Dorr's, in the Kue de la Paix.”
“Good. Let him know exactly what
I require, and see that lie is here precise
ly at 12 to-morrow.”
On being admitted to the pasha's
presence at the appointed hour, M. Dorr
produced, among other specimens of his
handiwork, a gold snuff box, exquisitely
finished, and encircled with moderate
sized diamonds, the interior of the lid
bearing the jeweler's name engraved in
microscopic characters. Hussein ex
amined it minutely and inquired the
price.
•• Four thousand francs, your highness,”
, replied Dorr.
“1 will tako it on condition that you
engage to supply me with seventeen
other boxes exactly similar to this.”
“Impossible, monseigneur,” said the
jeweler: “I have only six of this pattern
in stock. Still,” he added, after a mo
ment's reflection, “I might perhaps bo
able to manage it. May I ask how soon
your highness intends leaving Paris?’’
“In a fortnight from today.”
“That will be quite sufficient. The six
snuff boxes shall be distributed immedi
ately. In a few days' six more will be
ready, and I think I can promise the re
maining five before the time fixed for
your highness’ departure.”
On the following day the six boxes,
each accompanied by a complimentary
letter, written by Morin and signed by
the pasha, were duly transmitted to the
privileged individuals heading the list.
Toward the end of the week the jeweler
reappeared according to promise with a
second installment of another half dozen,
which were also forwarded to their des
tination: and before the fortnight had
expired five more snuff boxes were in his
highness’ possession.
The pasha expressed himself perfectly
satisfied with the prompt execution of
his order. “It is evident,” he said, “t*lat
the recipients of my gifts are highly
pleased, for I have received the most
flattering letters from all of them except
one.”
“Except one, did j our highness say?”
anxiously inquired Dorr.
“Yes. My secretary informs me that
one of the gentlemen at whose house my
present was left is absent from Paris,
which accounts for his silence, and that
he is not expected back until Sunday, the
day after my intended departure. But,”
continued the pasha, “how is this, M.
Dorr? You have brought me only five
boxes. Where is the sixth? It is abso
lutely essential that no one on my list
should be neglected.”
“Your highness may rest assured that
your orders will be implicitly obeyed,”
replied the jeweler. “If M. Morin will
kindly acquaint me with the name and
address of the person for whom the box
is destined it shall he delivered to him
Wednesday without fail.”
“Exactly similar to those, of course?”
“I can safely guarantee, monseigneur,
that there will not be a shade of differ
ence between them.”
“Very good,” said the pasha; “I rely
on your punctuality. My secretary will
pay you the 72,000 francs, and on my
next visit to Paris you will probably
hear from mo again. Au revoir, M.
Dorr.”
If any one endowed with the peculiar
faculties of Asmodeus had penetrated
some ten evenings later into the small
room forming the back shop and private
sanctum of the well known jeweler of
the Hue de la Paix he would have been
enlightened as to certain supplementary
adjuncts to the ordinary business carried
on by M. Dorr. He would have seen
that estimable tradesman seated at a
table on which were lying six gold snuff
boxes bearing a suspicious resemblance
to those recently purchased by his high
ness the pasha, and carefully polishing
each in turn with a silk handkerchief.
“They all come back to mo again,
every one of them,” muttered M. Dorr,
with a self satisfied chuckle, while deli
cately removing a speck of dust from
the last of the half dozen. “No one ever
keeps them long, for snuff boxes are
locked up capital, and everybody, from
Nai>oleon downward, knows the value of
ready money. They discover my name
inside the box and naturally bring it to
me, and, as I treat them liberally, I am
safe to see them again. A very fair
fortnight’s work, I must say,” he added,
consulting an open account book, in
which the following statement was leg
ibly inscribed:
Francs.
To sale of eighteen gold snuff boxes
at 4,000 francs each 75,000
Deduct from above commission to
secretary (“Sharp fellow, that, by
the way, -1 parenthetically solilo
quized M. Dorr) at 50 francs per box 900
To repurchase of eighteen gold snuff
boxes from their owners at 5,000
francs each 56.000
Total net profit 55,100
“Not to mention,” pleasantly summed
up the jeweler, “that the snuff boxes
are ready for a second edition of the lit
tle game whenever another pasha hap
pens to come this way.”—Charles Iler
vey in The Argosy.
Tliu Christian Itiuldlia.
The late J. Crossett. the independent
American missionary, is described in an
official communication to the state de
partment at Washington, in the highest
terms, as devoted to doing good to the
poor: “He was known by the Chinese as
the ‘Christian Buddha.’ He was attached
to no organization of men. He was a
missionary, pure and simple, devoted to
charity rather than proselytism. He
literally took Christ as his exemplar.
Innkeepers would take no pay from him,
and were ever glad to entertain him.
“It must be said that his wants were
few. He wore the Chinese dress, had
no regular meals, drank only water, and
lived on fruit, with a little rice or millet.
He aimed at translating his ideal, ‘Christ
into reality.’ He found good in all re
ligions. After a long conversation with
him one day, I told him he was not a
Christian, but a Buddhist. He answered
that there were many good things in
Buddhism. He completely sacrificed
himself to the good of the poorest of the
poor. He acted out his principles to the
end. He was poor and lived as plainly
as the poorest of his patients. On char
itable subjects he wrote well. The ideal
to him was practical. Let this American
he enshrined in the annals of men who
loved their fellow men.”—Hall’s Journal
of Health.
Consumption Surely Cured.
To The Editor —Please inform your
readers tlia( I have a positive remedy for
the above named disease. Bv its timely
use til msands of hopeless eases have been
permanently cured. I shall he glad to send
two (mules of my remedy free to any of
your reulers who have consumption if they
will send me their express and post office
address. Respectfully,
T. A. SLOCUM, M. C., 181 Pearl st. N. Y.
VANDALS AT WASHINGTON
RELIC HUNTERS DESTROYING NA
TIONAL MONUMENTS.
Outrages Often Inspired by Malicious Mis
chief —The Penciling Fiend Gets ill His
Work —Damage Amounting to Over a
Million Dollars.
Vandalism by relic hunters and mali
cious persons who visit Washington lias
been carried to such a destructive point
that measures of exceptional severity are
to be adopted by the department of pub
lic buildings and grounds to restrain the
evil. The damage that has been wan
tonly done in this way within the last ten
years would, if reduced to dollars and
cents, mount up to a frightful aggregate.
Many who are in a good position to
judge say that it would cost $1,000,000
to repair only such injuries as are act
ually visible to the casual observer.
To begin with, as you enter the rotunda
of the Capitol from the east front, you
observe that the beautiful bronze doors,
fac-similes of the Ghiberti doors at the
baptistry in Florence, have been badly
chewed up by iconoclastic visitors.
These doors cost the United States gov
ernment $28,500. At present they would
not be worth anything like that amount.
The figures on the panels, representing
historical scenes, stand out in high re
lief, and somebody has found no diffi
culty in wrenching away the sword that
Henry VII of England formerly held in
his hand. Columbus has lost the reins
of the animal he is riding, and his brother
Bartholomew has also been deprived of
his sword. Balboa’s sword has been all
bent out of shape by some one who was,
presumably, interrupted in an attempt
to twist it off.
Two luckless monarchs, King John II
of Portugal and King Charles VIII, have
both been robbed of their scepters, of
which they now retain only the stumps.
Just examples these are of the mischief
done to these beautiful gates of bronze.
To commit them must have required ex
ceptional nerve, situated, as the doors
are, immediately outside the rotunda,
where there is always a man on guard.
It is this latter fact that is accountable
for the fortunate circumstance that no
damage whatever has been done within
the rotunda itself.
Save for the watch kept, the great his
torical pictures there would have been
all cut to pieces long ago. The heads of
the Father of his Country and other re
spectable characters of American an
tiquity would have been sliced out of
the canvases, merely to begin with. For
nothing is sacred to the relic hunter; he
will not hesitate to cabbage a red hot
stove, if opportunity offers.
On the right hand side of the Ghiberti
doors, as you go in, is a superb colossal
statue of Mars, the god of war. A van
dal visitor unknown broke the end of
his marble sword off, probably by reach
ing over the railing and giving it a sharp
bang with a heavy stick. The “busted”
portion lias been stuck on again with
glue or something, but the effect is un
sightly. On the other side of the doors
is a corresponding statue of Ceres, the
goddess of the crops. Her left hand was
smashed off a while ago, and so a bunch
of marble olives has been placed in her
grasp to bide the break. Outrages like
these, of course, are often inspired by
malicious mischief, pure and simple.
But the case is rare of an individual who
will destroy property in cold blood, just
for the sake of destroying. The bulk of
the vandalism is committed by relic
hunters —people without souls, savages
of civilization, who will not hesitate to
wipe out in five minutes as much value
as the labor of their lifetime will pro
duce for the sake of procuring half a
dozen worthless memorabilia.
Such are the persons, doubtless, who
have attacked the magnificent bronze
doors of the cast senate front —original
cost, §56,000 —on which are depicted in
relief scenes in American history. The
guns of the soldiers at Yorktown have
been wrenched off—those of them that
were sufficiently in alto relievo to make
it possible—and the reins of Washing
ton’s horse, on bis journey through Tren
ton, have disappeared; also the gun in
the hands of the woman who looks on
upon the combat between the Jersey far
mer and the Hessian has lost its barrel.
The president’s room has suffered many
times, not only from relic hunters, but
also from malicious destroyers. The
relic hunters have confined themselves
here chiefly to cutting the silken tassels
from the chairs, though now and then
they have sliced a piece out of the hand
some red leather coverings of the sofas,
and occasionally a strip has been cut off
one corner of the costly carpet, made es
pecially to fit the room, just to remem
ber the place by afterward. Tassels,
however, are the favorite spoil.
The guard ventured out of the room
for less than two minutes one day, and
when he came back three tassels were
gone glimmering. On an average, the
equivalent of a full set of new tassels has
to be put on the chairs each year to re
place those carried away. Beyond a
doubt this room is the handsomest on
the American continent. Curiously
enough, it is occupied for only one hour
in every twelve months. The president
always spends the last sixty minutes in
it before Congress adjourns the session,
so that lie may sign bills up to the very
stroke of 12 o’clock and save them from
becoming void.
Nothing that money could do to make
the apartment gorgeous has been left un
done, and its tuore than palatial splen
dors appear to tempt the destroyers for
mischief’s sake. At all events the sofas
have been repeatedly lipped from end to
end with knives, and other such wanton
acts of malice have been committed.
The chief damage done in the statuary
room at the Capitol is in the 6hape of
lead pencil writings. Potomac marble,
of which the great pillars are formed, is
of grayish effect, with light colored spots
all over it. These spots afford tempting
opportunities for scribblers, who delight
in writing their names on them, with
various remarks on every conceivable
Subject. The pillars, as far up as the
hand can reach, are fairly covered with
these grafitti. Washington Cor. St
Louis Globe- Democrat.
HOW HEADS ARE CUT OFF.
One of the Conjurer’s Most Startling Tricks
Easily Explained.
For a number of years the masterpieces
of some conjurers have been the cutting
off of heads. The most common one, per
haps, is that where a countryman with
i “a sorter buzzing” in his head has it
| cured by cutting off the offending mem
ber. The subject taken a seat in a high
back, upholstered chair. The long back
of the chair is thickly padded and lias
two silk cords running crosswise on it,
one from the inner edge of either arm up
to the top corner of the opposite side,
thus making a broad X.
The subject being seated in a chair, a
large helmet or “receiver” is placed on
his bead. Vhis helmet is made of any
bright metal, has a vizor in front, and is
open at the back. After it is placed over
his head the vizor is lifted to show that
the head is there, but in reality a dum
my head is seen, made up to represent
the subject. As the performer closes the
vizor he tilts the helmet forward a little,
while the subject at the same moment
draws iiis head out of it and presses it
against the back of the chair, which
gives way under the pressure and a tri
angular space opens, the two sides of
which are formed by the lower portion
of the X in the padding, the base being
on a line with the chair arm, where this
swinging portion of the back is hinged
on. On this flap, the opening of which
is concealed by the receiver and a towel
placed in front of it to hide the blood (?),
rests the head of the subject.
The receiver is now removed and
placed on a small cabinet, the towel
being left at the neck of the subject in
the chair. In a moment the receiver is
taken from the top of the cabinet, and
the head is seen resting there; it moves
and speaks and is the head of another
person made up to represent the first
one, and who sits behind the mirror in
the cabinet and pops his head up through
a hole in the top of it as soon as the re
ceiver is placed there. This cabinet is
shaped like a safe, and contains several
apparently deep shelves. In reality the
shelves are shallow, a mirror of proper
size being placed in it in such a position
as to leave about four-fifths of the cabi
net vacant.
The very latest decapitation is one now
used by Herrmann. The stage is pecul
iarly set, the interior, from the first to
the third groove, being completely hung
in black velvet or felt, back, top and
sides. In place of the ordinary foot
lights a row of gas jets is usually placed
across the stage just on a line with the
inside of the boxes, and another row
carried around but outside of the arched
entrance to the black chamber.
The effect of this arrangement of light
and shadow throws the stage into impen
etrable gloom. Herrmann appears sud
denly clothed in white. Then Mepliisto
pheles appears so suddenly that it seems
as if he had jumped out of space, but
really coming through an opening in the
black cloth. Then comes a light cloak
and a pretty woman in evening dress.
This latter first wraps herself in a black
domino of the same material as the
stage hangings, leaving her arms and
head free. Over this she now slips a
framework of light wire, covered with a
fine evening dress. This framework has
no back, and she can slip out from it
behind, leaving the shell with dress.
For the lady to sit on, two pedestals
suddenly appear. These are white, and
appear by having a cover of black pulled
from them quickly. One of these is
about two feet high and the other about
five feet high. The lady sits on tlie
smaller one, and Mephisto orders Herr
mann to cut her head off.
After some demurring he finally seizes
a carving knife, places a light cloak over
the lady's shoulders and cuts off her
head.
Taking it with one hand under the
chin and the other bolding her hair, he
carries it across the stage and places it
on the other pedestal, she walking along
with him, having slipped out behind the
framework, leaving it upright on the
small pedestal. She walks across the
stage in her black domino or behind a
black screen shoulder high, only her
head showing, and finally stopping with
her head on the pedestal that is about
five feet high. To replace, the same
gliding back is again employed, and she
again resumes her dress case and the
trick is over.—New York News.
A Bridge Over the Bosphorus.
The most recent proposal for a huge
bridge is*for one across the Bosphorus, a
project for which has been made out by
a French engineering company. The
historic and picturesque channel between
the shores of Europe and Asia, which
connects the sea of Marmora with the
Euxine, is 872 yards broad, and it is pro
posed thas the bridge to span it should
be of one arch only. In these days of
huge bridges this should pot offer seri
ous difficulties from an engineering point
of view, if the financial ones can bo got
over. Various projects have been put
forward to the same effect during the
past twenty years, but it was not consid
ered that the bridge would bo useful
enough to justify the enormous expense
which it would entail. Railways have,
however, developed very much during
recent years, and it is now thought that,
if constructed, it would act as a link in
the local railway system, and eventually
pay a fair return on the money invested
in it. —Toronto Globe.
Gas for Air Purification.
Gas jets may be made important aux
iliaries to ventilation. Inserted in the ;
bottom of air shaft*, they establish active !
currents which withdraw the vitiated ;
air. A cubic foot of illuminating gas :
can be utilized so as to cause the dis- |
charge of 1,000 cubic feet of air, and a
common gas burner will consume nearly
three feet of gas an hour, so that the
quantity of contaminated air that would
be extracted from an apartment during
that time would be 3,000 feet. By suit
able contrivances gas lights, the effects
of which are but too often pernicious,
may not only become self ventilating,
but may be also made > contribute ma
terially to the purification of the air of
inhabited apartments. —New Y’ork Tele
gram.
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WHn. is behind also.
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►JJTOB WORK.h
We art prepay <( to execute in the beet style and as
moderate prices, atl kinds of Job Work, such as
NOTE HEADS, HILL HEADS
STATEMENTS, BUSINESS CARDS,
PROGRA MMES, IN VITA Tj ONS,
CIRCULARS, SALE BILLS,
PAMPHLETS, etc., die.
&S* Magistrates' Blanks ke, t in stock and for sale.
MACADAM ROADS.
How to Construct Stone Foundations and
Top Surfaces.
A roadway made with small pieces of
stone firmly set in place is called a mac
adam road. There are many methods of
construction, and the variations are
chiefly in the foundation. A macadam
top may be placed upon a common dirt
foundation, but the best macadam roads
are built with a stone foundation. Tho
method of constructing such a road is
given in ihe following extract from the
treatise of Mr. Clemens Herschel, printed
in the book on “Improvement of High
ways,” published by the League of
American Wheelmen:
“The true principle of roadmaking con
sists in giving every road two component
parts; one—the foundation—to be solid,
unyielding, porous and of large material;
the other —the top surface —to be made
up of lighter material, bound compactly
and evenly over the rough foundation.
“The roads of this kind, with mac
adam for the top surface, are called Tel
ford roads by English writers, from Tel
ford, who first built them in England.
The Central park ‘gravel roads’ belong
under this head, gravel taking the place
of the macadam of the Telford roads.
These foundation roads are of far greater
importance than any other kind for
state, county or town roads, also for
parks and driveways. The top surface
of all these roads must have a certain
inclination to cause efficient surface
I drainage. Various authorities give vari-
I ous rules for the amount of this inclina
tion or side slope. It would seem just
that it should depend on the nature of
the top covering, being less or more solid
than for looser or softer materials, and
also on the grade of the road.
“In Baden, one of the smaller German
states, but which is worthy to be taken
as a model in matters of road building,
and in France, the rise at the center is
given as 1-40 to 1-60 of the width of the
road, according to the nature of the ma
terial; that is, inclinations of 1 in 20 and
lin 30. The rules in Prussia prescribe
inclinations of 1 in 24 for roads falling
more than 4 in a hundred; and 1 in 18
; for roads on a grade of between 2 and 4
in a hundred; and 1 in 12 for those in a
grade of less than 2 in a hundred. When
first built the center should be made
some four inches too high to allow for
after settling.
HALF OF CROSS SECTION.
“If the stone for the foundation —for
which most anything will do, and that
kind should be taken which is cheapest
to procure—happens to be got out cheap
est in larger pieces than the above dimen
sions, it will do no harm. This founda
tion course is sometimes set so as to pre
sent an inclination on top, and the cover
then put on of a uniform thickness over
the whole breadth. This is perhaps best,
but is somewhat more expensive. It will
do, in nearly all cases, to set the founda
tion course on a level, or as near so as
tho stones will allow, and then make tho
top crowning, by making the covering
sav three-quarters of an inch or an inch
less thick at the edges than in the center.
The stones forming tho foundation should
not be set in rows, nor ever laid on their
flat sides, but set up on edge and made
to break joints as much as possible; that
is, set up irregularly. After they are set
up, the points that project above tho
general level may be broken off, and the
interstices generally filled up with small
stone.
“More or less care and work are neces
sary in this part of the operation accord
ing to the importance of tho road and
tho depth and character of the material
used for the top covering. To roll tho
road at this stage is to bo recommended;
afterwards it becomes a requisite. Tho
point never to bo lost sight of is that this
foundation courso must remain porous,
must be pervious to water, so that all
"rain water that shall soak through tho
top covering will find through it means
of escape to the ground underneath;
thence, according to tho nature of tho
subsoil, it is left either to soak into the
ground or must bo further led away by
appropriate drains.”
Another authority in the same work,
writing upon the top surface for a stone
road, says:
“Experience has shown that while six
inches may be a sufficient depth for light
travel, twelve to eighteen inches are
necessary if heavy loads must be carried
at all seasons of the year. For country
macadam roads the limits would be be
tween six and twelve inches, according
to the character of the subsoil. For the
thorough construction of macadam roads
the stones are now crushed by machinery
and then rolled with steam road rollers
of ten to fifteen tons weight. The weight
of the roller iter square inch on the bear
ing surface should bo equal to the ex
pected . weight, per square inch, under
the wheels of the heaviest loads.
“Where thorough work of the best
character is wanted, engineering skill
and experience are requisite, but the gen
eral methods may be briefly stated, so
that wherever bad sloughs need filling up
with stone, the macadam plan may bo
followed at least approximately. Tho
trench or road bed should be dug out to
the required width and depth, the larger
stones should then lie selected and firmly
packed together across the foundation
m irregular courses, in the general form
of a street pavement. They should all
rest on their flattest or broadest surfaces,
and the thin or jagged edges upward.
The interstices or spaces should be close
ly filled up with chips and tho whole
laver be well rammed or rolled into a
solid mass.
"On top of this place a layer of finely
broken stone of the thickness requisite
to bring the surface to grade, with a
good crown in the center. This should
be rolled until the whole mass is firmly
bound together, and then covered with
sharp gravel or fine screenings of broken
stones of sufficient depth to bed and bind
the layer of broken stone. In the future
maintenance of such a road the mosj. im
portant point is to prevent the formation
of ruts, bv keeping the surface so uni
formly even that there will be no induce
ment for travel to follow beaten tracks.
The cost of the macadam structure pre
cludes its use on country roads, except
in occasional bad spots where stone is
necessary.”