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vfe. ZION in. I mm ZION-BeauiM Sinawava Temple on the Floor of the Canon. NATIONAL PARKThe newest of the national park system, established last No vemberis likely to have many visitors this season. Some will go because it is new. Others will go be cause of the claim of Utah that Zion equals Yosemite in beauty of form and far excels it in beauty of color. And still others will go because of the story of a mysterious cliff-dwelling that has been discoveredand is be lieved to be inaccessible and untouch ed by the hand of modern man. More over, a second canon, with many ram ifications, has been discovered in Zion National park. White men have been in itor at least have looked down Into it from the plateau thousands of feet abovebut they are few. And who knows what relics of the mysteri ous prehistoric people of the great American Southwest these unexplored canons may contain? Exploration parties are already get ting ready in Salt .Lake City and Los Angeles. It's no wonder. The story of the discovery Nof the inaccessible cliff-dwellings is one to whet the in terest of the keenest mountaineer. Thus the story goes: Eyre Powell of Venice, Calif., point ed his telephoto lens at a high per pendicular cliff in a side canon about three-quarters of a mile away and squeezed the bulb. A certain quarter of an inch in the print attracted his at tention. He enlarged It as much as possible. It then showed what is ap parently a cliff-dwelling something like 400 feet long and 60 feet wide. The cliff-dwelling is in a shallow cave about 400 feet above the talus at the foot of the cliff. Below it are appar ently traces of ledges once used as an "ascent and now almost eroded by the elements. Hence it is a fair guess that this particular cliff-dwelling has been unvisited since modern men entered this region. And if this mysterious, long-hidden abode of the Cliff-dwellers proves to be a reality and is reached by some daring climber, will it yield something new? That of course is the question that adds zest to the quest. For, though here and there are archaeolo gists who believe they have solved the mystery of the prehistoric people, it looks to the common people as if the scientists were still guessing at the answers to the questions: Who are they? How long did they live there? What became of them? So the pos sibility that this Zion Cliff-dwellers' inaccessible refuge, untouched by fhe hand of the spoiler, may contain some thing that will throw light on these un answered questions is fascinating. Curiously enough, the many relics of this prehistoric people throw little or no light on these questions. This is the more strange, since the village sites of the ancient inhabitants, with all the accessories of village life kivas, shrines, burial places, fields, ligation works, lookouts, stairways preserve a pretty complete picture of life in this ancient ~Southwest More over, buried under the debris of build ings and in the graves of the dead are various, artifacts o stone, bone, wood, fiber and clay, which indicate the in dustrial and domestic life of the peo ple. Ceremonial objects, such as pipes, fetiches and medicine stones, together with the symbolic ornamentation of domestic and mortuary pottery, give glimpses of the social and religious life of the times. Such structures as are above ground have been.pretty thoroughly examined and an astonishing variety has been found. For example, there are many Cliff-dwellings, of which those in Mesa VStfde National park in southwestern Colorado are probably the finest in all the Sodthwest. On the Jemez plateau in the north ern central part of New Mexicoa part of which it is proposed to set aside as the national park of the cliff .citiesthere are both pueblos and cliff-dwellings- of the excavated type called "cavate dwellings." The pueblo ruins are many-chambered community nooses, found upon the mesa-tops and in valleys. The smaller ones are of one -story the larger ones have from two to four stories. The cavate dwell ings vary widely. Some are enlarged natural caves. Others are wholly ar tificial excavations in the face of the cliff, the front wall "being formed of the natural rock In situ. Some axe 7 7. i- "A excavations with a front of masonry. Others are complete houses on a slop ing talus, with excavated rooms at the back. In the Hovenweep region* on both sides of the Colorado-Utah line and between Mesa Verde and Zionthis area is likely to be established as the Hovenweep National monumentare many remarkable towers of varying shape. The archeologists consider them among the most interesting and important of the prehistoric relics. Casa Grande National monument in the Gila valley of south central Ari zona contains Casa GrandeGreat Housewhich was discovered in 1697 by the Spanish. It was even then a burned-out, dismantled group of walls. It was plastered within and without. It was probably the last of an indef inite number of such houses, as all around it are the ruins of older struc tures. Excavation in this prehistoric South west is only beginning. The results have attracted the attention of arche ologists the world over. Possibly the most important work to date is that of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes of the Smith sonian institution in Mesa Verde. There he has excavated and restored In part the temple of the sun and Far View house. These are large and pre tentious structures on the mesa above the cliff-dwellings. They are appar ently buildings for religious ceremoni als. It is guessed that they were aban doned about 1300 years ago. The archeologists are confident that sooner or later they will find some thing that will answer one or more of the three great questions about this mysterious people of the American Southwest. Will they find it some such ruin as Casa Grande beneath the dust of centuries or will it come to light in some cliff-dwelling now unknown and untouched by vandal hands, such as those suspected to exist ^4n the un explored depths of Zion? PARIS LANDMARK-MUST GO House of Robespierre/ Forced to Qiyf Way to March of City lm proverhent. The Paris correspondent of The Lon don Times writes: The house where Robespierre is said to have lived, or, at any rate, passed several nights, la to follow the way of many reminders of the past in the general scheme foi improving Paris. This handsomely fronted building is situated In the Cite du Retiro, an an tiquated backwater between the Made leine and the Faubourg Saint Honore, which was overlooked when this quar ter was brought up to date. The ten^ ants of the prince of Monaco, to whom the district belongs, have been given notice, but the demolition probably will be postponed for a few years, ow ing to the action of the law which per mlts the,owners of condemned proper ty to continue using it for five years. The capital will soon be very much improved, and all slums will disappear in accordance with the general scheme for flattening out the fortifications and allowing the city to undergo natural expansion. With this object the un derground railway lines are to be ex tended far into the country, with two proposed termini at St. Germafn and Maisons Laflitte. The Metropolitan railway reaching the latter will great ly ease the strain upon the ordinal? railways on race days. Great Britain's Whites and Blacks. In the British empire there are 62,- 000,000 white and 376,000,000 colored people. The 62,000,000 white repre sent capital wealth amounting to $500,- 000,000,000, as against the J5.000.000,- 000 possessed by the black,"brown and yellow people. The degree of illit eracy among the white people, accord ing to Sir Henry Johnson, is probably not more than 15 per cent among the colored races it is nearly 90 per cent Daughter's Views. Mother was teaching little daugh ter proper appellations, pointing out the church as "God's house." Passing one Sunday morning as the congregation was leaving the church after/ services, little daughter ex claimed: look, mother, at all the crowd. CM /must be having a party.' I HP! MB* PROBLEMS FACING STRICKEN WORLD Shall Chaos or Reconstruction in Europe Follow the Great World War? RUSSIA OUT OF BALANCE That Its Industrial Life Has Not Kept face With Its Agricultural Has Been Fatal to Country's Prosperity. Article XVIII. By FRANK COMERFORD. Less than 10 per cent of the people of Russia "permanently" live in cities or towns. I write the word "perma nently" to call attention to the fact that a number of peasants and vil lagers come to the cities and towns to work for a part of the year in the Industries. They retain their peasant status and their domiciles In the vil lages. In 1910 there were only forty cities In the Russian empire with a population of from 50,000 to 100,000 only four cities with a population of over 100,000. Poverty forced upon the Russian people the co-operative spirit. In a great, long strain people can stand up together better than alone. It is the idea of consolation In companionship. It is a principle of mass psychology that a group of men will dare to do a thing, to stand a suffering or a dan ger that no individual In the crowd would undertake alone. The Russians have suffered from the dawn of his tory, and one of the oldest Institutions of Russian life is the Artel. The Artel very much resembles the co-operative society of western Europe, with this difference, that the co-operative soci ety in Europe and America Is the out growth of an economic trend. In Rus sia it was the unpremeditated result of necessity. It is the difference be tween one who Is hungry because he Is dieting and one who is starving be cause he Is without food. The workers of Russia have suffered the same slavery the peasants have en dured. The maximum wage has been a starvation pay. So when the work ing men from a province come to ,a city to work in the textile Industries or arf carpenters, masons, etc., they at once unite in groups of from ten to fifty persons, rent a house, keep a common table, elect an elder of the Artel, to whom each one pays his share of the expense. All over Rus sia one finds the ArtelIn the cities, In the lumber camps, even in the prisons. When a building is to be put up an Artel is organized. When a rail road Is being built an Artel Is formed. In some instances the Artel resembles a labor union, in that the arrangement of the terms of employment is made by a delegate or committee appointed by the Artel. Live In Squalor and Misery. Village life Is primitive. The vil lagers live out of the world. The vil lages are very small, particularly in the extreme north. The houses are generally cheap wooden shanties. Ow ing to the great danger of fire, the vil lages generally cover a large area of ground. The houses are scattered and straggling. The conveniences found even in the American tenements are unknown. There is no chance ..for cleanliness. They live and sleep In crowded, smoky, unfinished houses. Furniturethey haven't what we call furniture, even what the poorest favm tenant In America would call furnish ings. A board for a table, a shake down for a bed. Russia's- industrial life has always been out of balance with her agricul tural life. Notwithstanding her riches of raw material and her great possi bilities for a successful industrial life, Russia has continued to be a nation with 81 per cent farmers, 7 or 8 per cent permanently engaged in industry, and 3 or 4 per cent of peasants who devoted part of the time to work in the industries. It has been said re peatedly that the imperial Russian government from the time of Peter the Great has been unceasing in its efforts for the creation and development of home manufactures. All of the evi dence I have examined refutes this statement. There never has been any security to the worker In Russia. The only protection he has had has been his Interest in the family allotment. He could go back there and be hun gry in the* city starvation was the danger. The czars put every obstacle in the way of education and of course this prevented the growth of Industry. In 1902 the principal Industries In Russia, representing all of the facto ries throughout the empire, of which the annual production was valued at more than $1,000, were textiles, food products^ animal products, wood, pa per, chemical products, ceramlcs.-min Ing, metal goods, miscellaneous, and all of these employed only 2,259,773 workers. Led Up to Bolshevik Problem. This dwarfed, stunted, paralyzed side of Russiaits Industrial side has a direct bearing upon conditions in Russia today and Is an important part of the problem of the bolshevik gov ernment. A nation to be economically normal most have balanced agricultural, man ufacturing and commercial sides. If these three departments of activity are not proportionately developed the nation Is economically a cripple. Rus sia has been and la in this sense an Defective THE TOMAHAWK, WHITE EARTH. MINN. economic cripple. Her body is great and powerful the physical constitu tion is strong. One arm, agriculture, is overdeveloped, and its overdevelop ment has been at the sacrifice of the other arm. Russia, economically, In one physical respect, reminds me of Wilhelm Hohenzollern, late of Prus sia, now living in Holland. I refer to his withered, undeveloped baby arm. Russia's undeveloped Industrial arm is just such a crippled, useless arm. Ref erence to the ex-emperor, who is now sawing wood In Holland, suggests to my mind the words of a great German economist, List: "A nation cannot promote and fur ther Its civilization, its prosperity and its social progress equally as well by exchanging agricultural products for manufactured goods as by establishing a manufacturing power of its own. A merely agricultural nation can never develop to any extent a home* or a foreign commerce, with inland means of transport and foreign navigation, increase Its population In due propor tion to their wejlbeing, or make no table progress in Its moral, intellec tual, social and political development It will never acquire Important politi cal power or be placed In a position to influence the cultivation and progress of less advanced nations and to form colonies of its own. A mere agricultu ral state Is infinitely less powerful than an agricultural-manufacturing state. The former Is always econom ically and politically dependent on those foreign nations which take from it agriculture In exchange for manu factured goods. It cannot determine how much It will produce, it must wait and see how much others will buy from it. The agricultural-manufacturing states on the contrary produce for themselves large quantities of raw ma terials and provisions and supply merely the deficiency from importa tion. The purely agricultural nations are thus dependent for the power of effecting sales on the chances of a more or less bountiful harvest in the agricultural-manufacturing nations. They have, moreover, to compete In their sales with other purely agricul tural nations, whereby the power of sale in itself is uncertain they are ex posed to the danger of ruin in their trading with agricultural-manufactur ing nations by war or new tariffs, whereby they suffer the double disad vantage of finding no buyers for their surplus agricultural products and of falling to obtain supplies of the man ufactured goods they require. An ag ricultural nation is a man with one arm who makes use of an arm belong ing to another person but cannot, of course, be sure of having it always available. An agricultural-manufac turing nation is a man who has two good arms of his own at his disposal. Poland Cited as an Example. List further points out that the rel ative cultivation of the agricultural and manufacturing arms of a country possessed of an ample and fertile ter ritory will give that country a popu lation twice to three times as large as It could secure by the development of the agricultural arm alone, and maintain this vastly Increased popula tion in a much higher degree of com fort. Surplus agricultural produce is not necessarily capital In an agricultu ral country. Countries which produce such a surplus and remain dependent upon manufacturing countries are often obliged to purchase these manu factured goods at an enhanced price. He points to Poland as an example. She exported the fruits of her soil to obtain the goods which she could have manufactured from It. As a conse quence she fell like a house of cards when organized nations attacked her. List considers that had Poland devel oped her manufacturing arm, besides retaining her national independence she would have exceeded any other European country la prosperity. To use List's words: "Go to fallen Poland and ask Its hapless people now whether It is advisable for a nation to buy the fabrics of a foreign country so long as Its native manufacturers are not sufficiently strengthened to be able to compete In price and quality with the foreigners." Bolshevism has Set out to socialize political, agricultural and industrial Russia, and as I expect to examine the effects of communism In each of these departments of Russian life I have set down some historical and economical truths which must be kept in mind when examining the Lenine panacea. (Copyright, 1920, Western Newapaper Union) France Needs Ra*w Materials. Economic disturbances in France during the period of readjustment of wages to high prices were predicted by Leon Jouhaux, chief labor representa tive on the French delegation to the International labor conference at Washington. "The lack of raw mate rials is the only thing that prevents the French workingman from going back to his job," said M. Jouhaux. "We must have cotton and coal from the United States, for it will be from three to five years before the French coal mines can be operated. Of course, wages must go up in France on ac count of the Increased cost of living, and it Is probable that before the workman gets this Increase there, will be more or less economic disturbance., Japanese Miners Strike. Miners of Japan are beginning to demand higher wages and fewer hours of employment. Seven thousand cop per miners at Ashio, near NIkko, went on strike recently and in view of the gravity of the situation a de tachment of infantry and a strong contingent of police were hurried *o the district from TJtsunomlya. The miners formed a funeral procession, some of them carrying, large funeral streamers and white lanterns. Another strike has broken out at an Iron mine near SendaL rfrocks OFcomplished ATTRACTIVE FROCKS FOR LEISURE HOURS IE two very attractive afternoon which present rival claims to admiration in the picture above, employ the two most favored silk fab rics, georgette and taffeta, and each makes the most of this advantageous fctart. In spite of the disparity In these materials the two frocks have several features in common both are made with a tunic, both achieve the widened hip lines which fashion en courages, and both show the bodice extended over the waistline at the front, forming a straight-line, girdle less effect. These are all Important style features, and each of these frocks Is distinctive enough to answer for somewhat more formal dress than the average afternoon frock is equal to. Taking note of the small items that go to make up the success of the georgette frock, it appears that the straight underskirt has no hem, but Is finished with plcot edge. Its tunic Is long and full, draped and shortened at the sides and embellished with handsome embroidery in silk at the front and back. There are three-quar- ter-length sleeves having i narrow5 band of embroidery at the bottom, and, lest we overlook the original management of the bodice at the front, embroidery emphasizes it and calls attention to the narrow collar. Four small, silk-covered balls fall from the ends of the unnecessary but pretty pretense in collars. In the taffeta frock the tunic be comes an apron drapery at the front and back, edged with a flounce of the silk that joins the draperies and widens the hips at the same time. This flounce has three narrow cord lugs along Its edge and is set on to the drapery with a cord, insuring it considerable flare. This frock has an underbodice cut with short kimono sleeves and these sleeves are corded near the edge. Below the cords nar row tabs made of folds of taffeta carry a narrow ribbon run through them as a finish. The round neck is finished in similar fashion. Sleeves as short as these are infrequent In American frocks, but there Is plenty, of authority for them In French im portations. The Etiquette of Weddings ALL things that must be ac according to set cus toms a wedding requires the closest following of accepted rules. In order that the celebration of the ceremony and all the Incldentlal events may move smoothly and successfully, mi nute attention must be given to all the details of preparation for the occasion, from the assembling of the wedding party to the departure of the bridal pair on their honeymoon. Leaving out the matter of the trousseauwhich is a separate affairthere are many other things that must be considered and adjusted. To begin at the beginningthere are the invitations. At least three weeks and even a month before the day of the ceremony, these are to be s,ent out to lists of names which in clude those furnished by the groom whose mother or sister assists in mak ing up his list. The bride's parents furnish the Invitations and announce ments and the latter are to be mailed Immediately after the wedding to friends who have not been Invited to attend the ceremony. No near rela tive or close friends ore to be over looked, even though they live too far away to'come conveniently. The wed ding invitations and announcements are to be engraved on heavy white paper, In script or shaded Roman letters, and cards to the reception and "at home" cards enclosed. If the wedding is to take place out of town, train cards are also necessary and if in a large city cards for admission to the church may be required. "At home" cards are enclosed with announcements. If a limited number of people are to be asked to the re ception, the card to the reception will be left out of invitations to others. The Invitations are enclosed In two envelopes, the Inner one bearing the name of the recipient without any address and without first names, ex cept when they are necessary to distinguish between members of the same family. The outer envelope car ries the name and home address of the recipient ana the names of the street and state are spelled out Invitations are Issued In the name of the bride's parents, If only one of them Is living, in the name of that one, or if the bride is an orphan, in the name of a senior relative. A widow without a near relative to announce her mar riage Issues a joint announcement with the groom. tJpon receipt of a wedding invitation and card to the reception, an acknowledgment is made' Immediately, written in formal style. Besides furnishing the in stations the parents of the bride assume all other expenses- -the decoration of the church, the fees to the sexton, thq awning at the church door, the music,' the expenses of the reception, furnish ing motors for the bride and her at tendants. If the bride is an orphan with no close relatives and is married under the chaperonage of a married friend, she assumes these expenses herself. The bride decides upon the gowning of her attendants, her maid or matron of honor, maids and flower girl deferring absolutely to her In this matter. On the day before the wed ding the bride entertains her attend ants at luncheon and presents each with a souvenir. She selects her atM tendants from among her own and the groom's relatives, Including In the cortege close friends as welf. A few days before the wedding the bridal procession Is rehearsed, with every member of the bridal partyj present and with the music to be played at the wedding. On the day of the wedding motors are sent for the, maids and the maid of honor, who as semble at the home of the bride where they receive their bouquets. At the ceremony the maids are to stand In the positions decided upon and leave the church In pairs or each with a usher. The maid of honor will hold the bride's bouquet or prayer book, which the bride hands to her at the proper time, returning them at the end of the rite of plighting troths. At the end of the ceremony the maid of honor may throw back the face veil, if one is worn by the bride and see that the train falls gracefully. When the bridesmaids leave the church each in company with an usher then the maid of honor Is escorted by the best man. But if the maids go out two by two, the attendant of honor precedes them alone. In this case the best man goes out by the vestry door and goes from there to the place of the reception. The motor which brought him and the groom to the church takes the bride and groom away from it. A good many duties fall to the lot of the best man, who is chosen by the groom, who also selects the ushers. These usually include several rela tives or friends of the brlda. Just be fore the wedding the groom gives a farewell bachelor dinner to his best man and ushers and presents each with a souvenir, usually a scarf pin or other bit of jewelry. He also may In struct his best man to see that the cravats he may choose for the ushers and best man are delivered at their houses the day before the weddtngj a*~.&i*i3t.%^f,.iBSi$BaSi Visa-"-' i~