The Evening Missourian. [volume], October 16, 1917, Image 1

About The Evening Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1917-1920

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THE EVENING MISSOURIAN
TENTH YEAR
COLUMBIA, MISSOURI, TUESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 16, 1917.
NUMBER 27
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Mrs. Thomas W. Parry and
Mrs. Hugh Miller, Both
of Kansas City, Announce.
ELECTION ON FRIDAY
Many Columbia People Are
on Program for Three
Day Meeting Here.
At the annual election of state of
ficers of the United Daughters of the
Confederacy to be held on Friday
morning the names of two women will
be presented to the delegates for their
consideration. Mrs. Thomas Wood
Parry of Kansas City, for two years
chairman of the educational work in
the state and Mrs. Hugh Miller, also
of Kansas City are the two candidates
whose names have been brought out
by their respective chapters.
Mrs. Parry has been active in the
work of the U. D. C. for ten years
and for the last five years has devoted
her time in the organization to the
extension of the educational work of
the division. Under "Mrs. Roma
Wornall's administration several years
ago, Mrs. Parry was chairman of the
educational work for the state and it
was due to her efforts that this line
of work was revived throughout the
state. The Lee Duke Parry scholar
ship in the University of Missouri was
named for Mrs. Parry, as it was due
chiefly to her efforts that this
scholarship was placed. It Is awarded
to the son or grandson of some Con
federate veteran or one who gave
material aid to the Southern Con
federacy in the Civil War; This
scholarship is supported by the Robert
E. Lee Chapter of Kansas City of
which Mrs. Parry was one of the first
presidents. Mrs. Parry was also ac
tive in extending the scholarship work
of the division during the time she ac
ted as chairman of the educaUonal
work. Scholarships were placed In
Christian College, in William Woods
and other schools.
Mrs. Miller has been active in the
work of her chapter In Kansas City
and has been a delegate to many of the
state convenUons. Her chapter in
Kansas City is one of the four which
supports the second Kansas City
scholarship. She is a member of the
Kansas City Chapter, No. 149.
Thus far Mrs. Parry and Mrs. Miller
are the only candidates whose names
have been announced.
The program for the three-day
convention includes memorial services
to southern heroes, committee reports,
routine business and several musical
programs. Mayor J. E. Boggs and
President A. Ross Hill will give ad
dresses of welcome for Columbia
while Mrs. S. C. Hunt, president of
the local John Marmaduke Chapter,
will welcome the delegates on behalf
of the local chapter. Miss Myrtle
Parker is In charge of the music. The
list of ushers for the three days will
include: Mary Banks. Mildred Batter
ton Winifred nvsart. Juanlta Heddon,
Josephine Hickam, Lavinia Hickman,
Edith Robinson, Lena Hoberecnt,
Mary Hickam. Elizabeth Estes, Edna
Hickam and Helen Bradford.
WOULD KEEP LIQUOROUT OF CITY
W. C. T. U. Adopts Resolutions
Against Importation.
The Boone County W. C. T. U., at
Its all-day meeting at the Broadway
Methodist Church yesterday, adopted
resolutions to support the movement
against the importation of liquor into
" Columbia and to carry on educational
work in the Interest of prohibition.
both state and national. The members
of the W. C. T. U. also were urged to
enter into some phase of Red Cross
work.
Officers of the organization In
cluding Columbia. Deer Park, Harris
burg, Shaw, Perche and Centralia,
were elected. They are: President,
Mrs. Madge Dysart; vice-president,
Mrs. W. jM. Windsor; recording
secretary. Mrs. Kate Newman; cor
responding secretary, Mrs. Jennie
Alexander.
Talks were made by Prof. A. W.
Taylor and Mrs. D. A. Robnett Mrs.
J. T. Rowland won a silver medal at a
contest in the evening. Her subject
was "The Second Election."
67 IX TUESDAY CLUB NOW
Delegates to a District Convention
Named Today.
A paid-up membership of sixty-seven
was the report of Mrs. A. H
Shepard at the meeUng of the Tues
day Club this afternoon. Mrs. W. H.
Guitar, Mrs. William Pearman and
Mrs. Richard Silversteln were pre
sented for membership in the club.
Delegates were elected for the
fourth district coventlon of women's
clubs to be held at Centralia the lat
ter part of this month. They are
Mrs. J. E. Thornton, -with Mrs. J. M.
Belcher as alternate, and Mrs. L. R
Fuller, with Miss Margaret Sampson
as alternate.
Mrs. A. H. Shepard was leader this
afternoon and the "History of Mis
souri" was the subject.
T
WO CANDIDATES QU
OR U.D.C
PRESIDENT
FOOD CONSERVATION WEEK SET
Delegates of 114 Missouri Counties
Plan Campaign at Jefferson City.
Missourians will have a chance to
show their loyalty during the week,
October 28 to November 4, when two
million persons of the state are ex
pected to pledge themselves to assist
the government in the conservation
of wheat, sugar, fats and meats during
the period of the war.
Arrangements for this campaign
were completed yesterday at Jefferson
City, when representatives from 114
counties attended the conference called
by the Missouri Council of Defense
and the United States Food Adminis
tration. Dean F. B. Mumford, state
food administrator, has charge of the
campaign. President A. Ross Hill and
Mrs. Walter McNab Miller of Columbia
are on the executive committee.
The Women's Committee, Missouri
Division, council oi xsanonai ueiensu,
will stage the patriotic pageant,
"Liberty," written by Miss Louise
Nardin and presented twice in Colum
bia, in towns and cities throughout
the state. Miss Nardin is chairman of
the committee in charge of the pageant
and Linwood Taft of Boston will
direct the production. The proceeds
from the production will be divided
between the Red Cross and the Na
tional Council of Defense.
Russian Authorities Say Situ
ation at Riga Is Serious
at Present.
By Associated Press
NEW YORK, Oct 16. That Ger
man operations in and around the
Gulf of Riga, which have centered at
tention upon the Russian northern
front for several days, are not llkely
to reach the Gulf of Finland this year
and thus endanger Revel or Kronstadt
on the way to Petrograd, Is the opin
ion of Russian naval authorities.
The lateness of the season will have
the effect of localizing the German ef
fort, but the Minister of Marine be
lieves the situation created by the
Teutonic move is serious enough for
the Russians in its present shape.
With the naval preponderance of
the Germans in the Baltic, there seems
little to prevent them from making
the Gulf of Riga -virtually a German
lake and consolidating it into a strong
naval base, from which military opera
tions as well could easily be pushed
advantageously under propitious
weather conditions.
The military situation at the various
fronts in the western war theater was
virtually the same, as far as the offi
cial statement revealed today.
Constitutional Amendment Is
Passed by Majority of
5,000 to 8,000.
By Associated Press
DES MOINES, la., Oct. 16. With
comnlete returns from 46 of the 99
counties and figures from only 722 pre.-
cincts out of a total of 2,348 missing,
indications today were that constitu
tional prohibition forbidding the man
ufacture and sale of liquor in Iowa
was carried in yesterday's special elec
tion by a majority of from 5,000 to
8,000
LUNCH ROOM OPENS TOMORROW
School Board Etertalned In the High
School Cafeteria Today.
J. E. McPherson, superintedent of
the Columbia public schools, enter
tained the members of the school
board today in the new cafeteria of
the Columbia High 'School. The
members of the board are: Dr. J. E.
Thornton, Dr. A. W. Kampschmidt,
James Taylor, John L. Henry, S. F.
Conley, G. A. Spencer, F. W. Nieder
meyer and Bernard Hunt. Tomorrow
the lunch room is to be opened to the
students, who will be divided into
groups of sixty, to accommodate the
whole school within the lunch per
iod. The lunch room is under the super
vision of the domestic science depart
ment of the High School, which makes
it possible to utilize all the food cook
ed by the students. Every effort will
be made to keep prices at cost. Clean
liness is to be emphasized as well as
economy.
j. b. Mckenzie hurt by motor
Buggy In Which Re Was Riding
Struck and Overturned.
Mrs. Mandy Small arrived this aft
ernoon from Centralia to see her fath
er, J. B. McKcnzie, who was injured
a week ago last Sunday, when the
buggy he was riding in was struck by
an automobile and overturned. Mr.
.r.r.io onrt hla son-in-law. Thomas
Elder, were comnlg from RochepoVt
to Columbia when the accident hap
pened. j. w. Tribble Wins Suit.
J W. Tribble of Centralia was
awarded Judgment of $56 -today against
v,, netotn nt Mrs Susan Palmer on a
real estate contract Mrs. Palmer died
last January. Her son. Jeptha pawner
is the administrator of the estate.
IVES
W FOR
PROHIBITION
E. W. STEPHENS WINS
$30,0q0WILL SUIT
U. S. Western District Court
Refuses to Set Aside Deed
to Property.
E. S. SMITH PLAINTIFF
Claimed Undue Influence
Was Used on Mother, Mrs.
Anna Hockaday Smith.
Judge A. S. Van Valkenburgh of the
United States District Court for the
Western District rendered a decission
this morning In favor of C. W. Steph
ens of Columbia in the suit brought
against him by his nephew, Edwin S.
Smith, to set' aside a deed to preperty
left to Mr. Stephens by his sister
Mr. Smith's mother 'Mrs. Anna
Hockaday Smith of Columbia. The
value of the property is about $30,000.
Mrs. Smith died about a year and a
half ago. Her will provided that her
property be deeded to her brother,
Mr. Stephens, and that it should be
handled by him for the best interests
of her son, Edwin S. Smith. The son
brought suit to have the deed set aside
on the ground that undue influence
was used on his mother. Arguments
in the federal court were heard last
spring but no decision was rendered
until today.
Judge Van Valkenburgh decided
that the claim of influence was not
supported. He stated in his decision
that Mrs. Smith was of sound mind
at the time the will was made and
that the will was in accordance with
views she had previously expressed.
He also stated that Mr. S'ephens, it
was proved, had helped her at all
times with money and in care in other
ways and that she had regarded him
with sympathy and confidence. The
judge also stated, at this point in his
opinion, that while Mrs. Smith was at
times contradictory aria a woman of
strong emotions, she at the- same time
fully believed in her brother.
Edwin S. Smith is 39 years old. His
home is in Louisville, Ky.
BECK WRITES FROM PARIS
31. U. Man Arrives There on the Way
to Do War Work.
Virgil S. Beck, who was graduated
from the School of Journalism last
year and who later went to France
to Join the Missouri Unit of the Ameri
can Field Service, tells of his trip in
a letter received here. Ben Roster,
who was in the University last year,
accompanied him.
"Roster and myself landed in France
Sunday, September 9, after a some
what tiresome voyage on the French
liner Chicago. I can't give you the
story that the first Missouri men did
with regard to the submarine, for we
did not have the 'good fortune' to
sight one. However, we passed the
wreckage of a ship that went down
only fifteen hours ahead of us, but
havo never been able to find out the
name of the ship. Among the nota
bles on board with us was Winston
Churchill, who is to do war corres
pondence. The weather was beauti
ful while we were in the danger zone,
that is, from our point of View, for it
was so dark that you could hardly
see the water from the deck.
"Upon arriving In Paris we learned
that the American Field Service, as
well as all other volunteer organiza
tions, had been federalized. We also
learned that the organization men
have been dissatisfied. All men ar
riving in the future must take the fed
eral oath for the duration of the war,
and the men now in the service are
being federalized as fast as possible.
The men unwilling to remain in the
service under the U. S. Government
will be released as soon as they can
be replaced, which may be a matter
of months. Thus far I have seen
Herndon, Henschel, Hyde, Cave, Brun
er. Farmer, Kerr, Collins and Hopson
of the Missouri Unit and the general
situation seem.3 to be that the entire
bunch will leave the service as soon
as possible and go In to something
else or return to the States.
"Paris, although only a war scared
wreck of the once gay city, is fast be
coming an American metropolis for ev
ery ship brings hundreds of Ameri
cans. The French are proving that
they still have a keen eye for busi
ness for they are becoming very effi
cient in English.
"The average soldier, especially the
Canadians and poilu will tell - you
that they have not the least idea as
to when the war will be over but that
they expect the hardest fighting dur
ing the first ten years. Beyond all
doubt 'Fritzie' is far from whipped and
the Sammies are going to have lots to
do.
Their Concert Profits to Red Cross.
A picture of Miss Margaret Wilson,
daughter of President Wilson, and
Percy Grainger, the pianist who gave
the first concert on the Phi Mu Al
pha program, appeared together In
the photogravure secUon on the St.
Louis Post-Dispatch last Friday. Both
Miss Wilson and Mr. Grainger are
giving the profits from their concerts
to the American Red Cross.
WILL PLAN WARFARE
UPON WHITE PLAGUE
Missouri Tuberculosis Asso
ciation to Meet Here
Next Friday.
WAR AIDS DISEASE
Uel W. Lamkin Will Assist
by Educational Cam
paign in Schools.
Plans for stopping the increase in
tuberculosis which war creates will be
madeat the annual meeUng of the
Missouri Association for the Relief and
Control of Tuberculosis to be held at
10 o'clock Friday morning In the office
of the secretary. Dr. Walter McNab
Miller.
The discovery that nearly two-thirds
of the men examined by draft boards
had tuberculosis in some degree has
shown the need of greater acUvity in
the prevention of the disease. Army
officials are making every effort to
keep it out of the army, because
statistics from the warring nations
show that nearly as many soldiers
have died of the disease as have been
killed In battle. In Austria-Hungary
12 per cent of the sick of the army
had tubersulosis in 1915 and in 1916, it
increased to 63 per cent. The civilian
population is affected in the same way
because of poor nourishment, over
work and uusanltary conditions caused
by the war. In Vienna in 1914 the
number of deaths from the disease was
6,223: in the first three months of 1917
the number of deaths has been 4,333
and probably will reach 15,000 before
the end of the year.
The educational campaign and the
sale of Red Cross seals carried on by
the Association for the Relief and
Control of Tuberculosis each year will
be discussed at the meeting. Officers
will be elected 'and bylaws will be
adopted.
Uel W. Lamkin, state superintendent
of schools, will aid the eductional cam
paign by sending a letter to each coun
ty superintendent asking him to help
the work.
Among those attending the meeting
will bo A. A. Speer of Jefferson City,
presUtnt of the Missouri association,
who Is vice-chairman 'of the 'state
Capitol Commission: Dr. " James
Stewart, supervisor of hygiene in the
St. Louis schools; Mrs. E. R. Weeks
of Kansas City, vice-president of the
National Parent-Teachers' Association:
Walter C. Root of Kansas City, presi
dent of the Kansas City Anti-Tuberculosis
Society; Mrs. Nelle Burger of
Clark, president of the state W. C. T.
U.; Mrs. Philip N. Moore of St. Louis,
president of the International Federa
tion of Women's Clubs, and Mrs.
Clarence Baxter of Kirksvllle, chair
man of the department of civics and
health of the Missouri Federation of
Women's Clubs.
M. U. ALUMNUS EAGER TO SERVE
Edgar Wolfberg, Drafted, Permitted to
Go With First Quota.
A story told of Edgar Wolfberg, who
was graduated from the School of
Commerce in 1916, should help to dis
pel the belief of some people that the
drafted man is not eager to serve his
country. Wolfberg has been office
manager of the Harris P. Wolfberg
Attractions for the past year, and is
now at Camp Funston.
This is the story as related In a
letter from a friend of his at the
camp: Wolfberg left the Pittsburgh
office a few weeks ago to take charge
of the distribution of "The Deemster"
in Missouri and Kansas, and soon aft
er received notice that he was in the
last group of the quota of drafted men
in his ward in Kansas City.
No sooner did he find this out than
he went directly to headquarters and
persuaded the officers in charge to
permit him to depart with the first
group of conscripts.
At the same time a friend in the
service told him that there was a place
in the quartermaster's department
that he could have. Wolfberg declined
the offer, saying, "I am not looking
for that kind of fighting."
C. II. S. AND MARSHALL TO PLAY
Kewples Third Football Game of Five
for Season to Be Ont of Town.
The football team of the Columbia
High School will play Its third game
of the season with Marshall High
School Saturday, in Marshall. T
other games were with Montgomery
City and Jefferson City. The score
for Uie first was 7 to 0 in favor of
Columbia and the second was a tie.
Five more games are booked fy this
season, the last being the big con
test with Kirksvllle High School.
Raymond Lewis Into Aviation Service.
Raymond Lewis, president of the
junior class In the School of Educa
tion of the University, ha3 passed the
examination for the aviation service
and is waiting for orders to report for
duty. Mr. Lewis lives at Monroe City.
Ashland Woman Sent to Asylum.
The County Court today ordered
that Mrs. Felicia Coons of Ashland be
committed to the State Hospital No.
1 at Fulton.
THE WEATHER
For Columbia and Vicinity: Fair tonight
and probably Wednesday: not much
change In temperature.
For Missouri: Fair tonight and probably
Wednesday ; not much change In tempera
ture. WeHer Conditions.
The high wure wave Is traveling
eastward. It . giving pleasant weather in
the Central V. ..eys and eastern half of the
United States. In the lower Plains and
generally throughout the Rocky Mountain
states the weather Is gradually becoming
unsettled.
Light rain has fallen In parts of
Michigan, Isew York, and Massachusetts;
but fair, dry weather has continued In the
principal grain states.
Temperatures differ but little from the
seasonal average.
In Columbia generally fair weather will
probably continue over Tuesday, but with
tendency to unsettled conditions.
Local Data.
The highest temperature In Columbia
yesterday was 84 decrees and the lowest
last night was 52; precipitation 0 00;
relative humidity 2 p. m. yesterday 41 per
cent. A year ago yesterday the highest
temperature was CO and the lowest 53;
precipitation 0.53 Inch.
The Almanac.
Sun rises today, G0 a. m. Sun sets,
3:11) p. m.
The Temperatures Today.
7 a. m 52 11 a. m C3
S a. m 53 12 m Co
0 a. m 55 1 p. m C7
10 a. in. 59 2 p. m 07
E
President Hill Has Informa
tion Proving Randels'
Ineligibility.
When asked about a report that the
Kansas State Agricultural College had
broken the Conference rules In playing
Captain Randels last Saturday Presi
dent A. Ross Hill announced this
afternoon that he intended to show
the members of the Missouri Valley
Conference that the Kansas Aggies
had broken one of the most important
rules of the conference. President
Hill has proof of Randels' ineligibility
and will lay It before the Missouri
athletic committee at its next meeting.
Early last week an alumnus of the
University of Missouri wrote Frank
Chambers, registrar of the University
informing him that Captain Randels
of the Aggie team had played two
years on the Southwestern College
team at Winfield, Kan., before playing
on the Kansas Aggie team. The
alumnus said he was prepared to give
the facts. President Hill was out of
town and not until Saturday morning
was a formal protest of Randel's' In
eligibility made. Director Clevenger
to whom the protest was made ad
mitted the fact but put all responsi
bility on President H. J. Waters of the
Kansas State Agricultural College.
President Hill said this afternoon
that it was true "Southwestern" was
not listed but that "Southern" was
among the list of schools, and said
that "Southern" and "Southwestern1
were one and the same.
President Hill said that he intended
to lay the evidence In the case before
the athletic board and that if an effort
were made to throw the Aggie-Missouri
game out of the valley championship
series it would have to come from the
athletic board. President Hill's state
ment follows:
"Several days before the game a
statement came from an alumnus of
the University of Missouri now living
in Kansas to an officer of this Uni
versity to the effect that Captain
Randels has already participated In
intercollegiate athletics for four
years, two at Southwestern College,
Winfield, Kan., and two at the Kansas
State Agricultural College at Man
hattan.
"This was confirmed by official in
formation procured from Southwest
ern College showing that Randels
played on that team during the season
of 1912 and 1913, winning his letter
each year. Full information in the
case did not reach Columbia until the
morning of the game. Dr. W. E. Mean
well, I understand, protested Randels
but as it was too late to hold a meeting
of our athletic board, he, with my con
sent, did not push hjs protest to the
point of refusing to play the game with
Randels on the visiting team.
"Dr. Meanwell tells me that when
the facts were brought to the attention
of Mr. Clevenger he seemed to know
all about them and said that the presi
dent of Southwestern had called at
tention to the ineligibility of Randels
some time ago but that President H.
J. Waters had advised him to use
Randels because in the handbook of
the Missouri Valley Conference the
name of Southwestern does not ap
pear In the list of colleges in which
athletic competition shall count to
ward the years of participation. I
find that Is true, but Southern Kansas
College Is listed and there Is every
reason to believe that Southwestern
is meant.
"Isn't this understood thoroughtly in
Kansas? Where Is Southern Kansas
College anyhow? I can't find it in
the educational directory of the United
States Bureau of Education. Members
of the Conference are not even per
mitted to compete with teams that play
such men and the only reason the
University of Missouri consented to
play the game last Saturday was to
avoid the anDearance of unsportsman
like conduct on the very eve of thej
contest. But in tho Interests or nonesi
athletics I shall explain the matter at
once to other members of the conference."
RULE
FIRE DEVASTATES
MORE THAN RALE
K;C.
Was Confined to Cattle Pens
of 47,000 Head in Them
5,000 to 15,000 Were Burn
ed Today.
DEFINITE LOSS IS
NOT YET KNOWN
Owners Experience Difficulty
in identifying lheir Ani
mals Among Herds Roving
in the Streets.
By Associated Press
KANSAS CITY, Mo., Oct. IS Cattle
owners this morning were having dif
ficulty in identifying their animals
from among the great herd which was
liberated when fire early today de
stroyed more than one-half the Kansas
City stock yards. By 7 o'clock the fire
had been extinguished, after the fire
departments of both Kansas City,
Kan , and Kansas City, Mo., had been
fighting it with 100 pieces of ap
paratus. No definite estimate as to .the loss
will be made until Insurance ad
justers have taken a census of the
number of cattle burned. The fire was
confined to the cattle pens, which
comprise the larger part of the yards.
The number of cattle in the pens was
47,000 according to the receipts of the
stockyards. Of thi3 number estimates
of the number of animals burned
ranged from 5,000 to 15,000 head.
Cattle Run Loose in Street
As soon as the fire was discovered
thousands of cattle were released from
the pens and ran panic-stricken about
the streets of the city. Today these
animals were being corralled by their
owners and attempts to identify the
various herds were being made. Own
ers were experiencing difficulty In
doing this because a large per cent of
them were foreign herds and carried
no Identifying brands.
Throughout the morning riHemen
and sledge-hammer men, under the
direction ofthe Humane Society, went
about the stockyards killing disabled
animals which had been burned
severely. Here and there in the vast
hurned area the lives of a few
animals were saved when falling pens
had broken off water pipes and al
lowed a minature fountain to spray
over a limited space.
To Sell Cattle at Auction.
Cowboys who had accompanied their
cattle to the yards, together with
stockyard employes were helping to
round up the cattle. It was feaid that
all of these would be sold at auction
by the insurance companies which
would settle with owners as if the
caftle had been killed In the fire.
Many new shipments were in the
stockyards today ready to be unload
ed. Cattlemen were undecided as to
what disposal to make of the cattle,
but it was suggested that they ship
the cars on to either St. Louis or
Chicago.
LIBERTY LOAN NEAR A BILLION
Meetings to be Held In Twonshlps of
County Total $10,980.
iBy Associated Press
WASHINGTON, Oct. IS. Treasury
officials declared today that, unless
signs failed, the Liberty Loan will
have reached its first $1,000,000,000
mark in subscriptions by tonight.
A Liberty Loan meeting will be held
tomorrow night in Missouri township.
Thursday night In Rockyford and
Perche, and Friday night in Cedar.
Speakers will be sent from Columbia
to attend these meetings.
Another bank announced its Liberty
Loan subscriptions today. The Colum
bia Savings Bank has sold $5,000
worth of bonds, bringing the Liberty
Loan fund here up to $40,980.
CLUBS TO DO BED CROSS WORK
Members of Centralia Organizations
Visit Local Workroom to Get Ideas.
Five women's clubs of Centralia are
planning to take up Red Cross work
Mrs. D. L. Roberts, Mrs. J. Schooler,
Mrs. Harry Rowland, Mrs. Leslie
Jennings and Mrs. C. S. Asbury of
Centralia were here yesterday visiting
the local Red Cross workroom. They
represented the clubs which will take
up the work. These clubs are the
Midweek Club, the Modern Prlscilla.
the Forty-two Club, the Pastime Club
and the Social Needlework Club.
UP GO TOBACCO PRICES
Columbia "Smoking" Dealer Hold
Meeting to Discuss Rake.
A' meeting of the Columbia tobacco
dealers was held last night to consider
the advisibility of raising the price on
tobacco and cigars. At some of the
stores this morning the price of
cigarettes and pipe tobacco was raised.
The dealers said that they had not
formed a combine but that the war
tax. which became effecUve October 4,
made it almost compulsory to raise the
prices if the retailers were to make a
fair profit.
STOCKYARDS
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