The nonpartisan leader. [volume], March 29, 1920, Image 4

About The nonpartisan leader. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1915-1921

Image provided by: State Historical Society of North Dakota

                
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farmers were isolated on their remote farms and
garden patches the other workers were penned up
in the factories, in the mines and in the slums of
the city streets. The power that oppressed both
controlled not only the markets but practically all
the means of transportation and communication.
They controlled the press and all other agencies
for the formation and the dissemination of thought
and opinion. Nothing could go directly from the
one class of workers to the other.
Probably before the revolutions of 1848, which
were most active among townspeople, there had
been some awakening among the farmers. At any
rate it was not long thereafter that they began to
cast about, for some method of relief. It was the
-newer rather than the older forms of oppression
that first appealed to them. They learned that new
and better methods of farming had been discovered.
They heard of the uses, of commercial fertilizers,
of improved farm implements and of labor-saving
machinery. They found dealers who would supply
them with these, but at prices that absorbed nearly
all the advantage of using them. They learned
of the existence and the uses of credit in modern
business, but found credit controlled by the people
who sold them their equipment and bought their
products, fixing the prices of both. Fortunately
there were a few far-seeing and large-minded
statesmen, philanthropists and religious leaders
who knew the hardships of the farmers, who rec
ognized the danger to all the people of the contin­
BY F. H. SWEET
HE ventilation of barns is essential in
order to regulate temperature and
keep animals in the best of health.
The efficiency of the design presented
herewith depends a good deal upon the
location, size and straightness of the
intake flues and outlet flues, practically airtight,
nonconducting walls and ceilings, and good tight
doors and windows. As in any natural or auto
matic system of ventilation no provision can be
made to warm the incoming fresh air except the
heat supplied from the bodies of the animals. The
fresh air is warmed by mixing it with the warm
air of the barn at the ceiling before it is breathed.
The fresh air intakes are located at 12 to 14-foot
intervals along the side of the barn wall. The min
imum length of the flue must be over five feet be
tween A and B, as illustrated in figure 1,
so as to guard against air flowing out
ward. It is very important that the in
let flue be covered with fine wire screen
ing to prevent the flue from becoming
obstructed. The valve or register should
be arranged to open or close so as to pre
vent drafts in the barn and to keep the
stable from becoming too cold during the
extreme winter season. A register, sim
ilar to those used for hot air furnaces,
may be installed in place of the damper.
FIGURE I
VALVE INTAKE:
The foul air flues are made of
galvanized iron, insulated, or of
paper and lumber. The design
of these flues is of the greatest
importance to the success of the
VALVE ventilating system. They should
be as straight and smooth as pos
sible, for every turn or bend re
duces the carrying capacity of the flue.
If it is necesary to pass around a bend,
the flue should be enlarged so that its
capacity will not be reduced. The ven
tilating flue acts as a chimney, and
should therefore rise above the highest
part of the building in order to receive
the full force of the wind. The velocity
of the wind, as well as the difference in
temperature between the inside and out
side,, make the flue draw.
It is important that great care be tak
en in locating the outlet flues.
These should not be placed too
close to the heads of the cattle,
for if they are all of the foul
air will pass directly by the an
imals and much of it will be
breathed in by them. Neither
should the outlet flue be placed
ued decline of agriculture and who possessed the
courage to strike at the root causes of that decline.
These leaders saw that so long as the farmers acted
only as separate individuals they would all be at
the mercy of the trading classes. They saw that
without relief the peasantry could neither support
themselves in reasonable comfort nor produce food
to keep other classes from starvation.
WHY. GOVERNMENT AID WAS
NOT SOUGHT BY FARMERS
These leaders faced no less a task than the com
plete reconstruction of agriculture. The idea of
securing all raw materials from foreign trade pre
dominated in England to such an extent that even
the great estate owners in many cases neglected
their land or turned it into pleasure parks or pas
ture. Many of the great landowners became im
poverished and were compelled to divide their
estates or to sell to the newly rich. These either
converted them into country residences or game
preserves, or rented them out to the peasantry, in
which case an absentee landlord took the place of
the resident lord of the earl.ier type, who was at
least concerned with the efficient tillage of the land.
The blindness of the new ruling class would be be
yond belief did we not know that although they
themselves were the very newest product of civili
zation they were looking backward instead of for
ward. They were blind to the fact that the very
foundations of the old industrial system were crum­
The Principles of Barn Ventilation
Theory and Practical Operation—Amount of Air Needed to
Maintain Animals in Health
near the entrance where
the opening of the door
would break the drawing
action of the flue. The
outlet flues should be so
located as to be out of
the way as much as pos
sible, and yet be so dis
tributed about the stable
as to draw out the foul
air.
Much of the success
of the ventilation de
pends upon the construc
tion of the flues. The
outlet flue is especially
important. The cost of
such a flue will average
75 cents a foot,of length.
If made of galvanized
iron the flue should be
well insulated, otherwise
the moisture passing
through the flue wilf be
condensed and fall as
water. Insulating a round
or square galvanized flue
is generally impossible
except by a commercial
concern. This will in
crease the cost. Lumber
and tar paper is a good
combination.
In this system the to
tal area of the outlet
flues should practically
equal the area of the in
let flues. If the win
dows and doors are not
tight the number of inlet
flues should be reduced so that their total area
should only equal two-thirds of that of iL.he outlet
flues, as there will be enough air entering the
cracks to furnish plenty of fresh air.
A convenient size of outlet flue is 18x24 inches or
16x22 inches. In figuring the size of flue the num
ber of animals should be carefully considered. The
following data may be found of service in comput
ing the size of inlet and outlet flues:
Amount of air required for barn ventilation
Per animal per minute
Horses 71 cubic feet
Cows 59 cubic feet
Swine 23.2 cubic feet
Sheep 15.3 cubic feet
Hens 52 cubic feet
To estimate the amount of air required for a
PAGE POUR
vi
IPH BPH
i^l 1^1 an
FIGURE 2 LETTING FRESH AIR IN AND FOUL OUT
bling into dust and its walls crashing down upon
them.
Sucb being the state of mind of the ruling classes
it is easy to understand why the wise and coura
geous men who sought freedom for the rural pop
ulations did not look to the existing governments
for aid. Most European peoples had learned to look
upon governments as something that imposed bur
dens upon them, instead of helping them. Moreover,
not only were the agricultural populations separat
ed from the other workers, but each agricultural
community was isolated from the other. Modern
transportation was being developed but no one
thought of extending its benefits to the rural pops
illations. All through Europe the villagers were
compelled to convey their products to market by thp
most primitive methods, often carrying them over
almost impassable footways on their backs. There
was little rural education, and that little of the
narrowest and most primitive character. Books,
periodicals and newspapers were almost unknown.
Travelers from other sections and other countries
rarely left the main highways. The traveling
priests and minstrels of former times had almost
gone out of existence. Rural Europe was becoming
a vast backwater, in a civilization that ignored its
existence.
(The steps taken to remedy these conditions will
be told in the concluding installment of Professor
Roylance's article next week.)
herd of 27 head of cattle
and for five horses we
would multiply 27, the
number of cattle, by 59,
the number of cubic feet
of air required for a cow,
which is 1,593. To pro
vide fresh air for the
horses multiply 71, the
number of cubic feet of
air required for one
horse, by 5, which makes
355 cubic feet. The total
would be 1,948 cubic
feet.
In order to get the to
tal cross-sectional area
of either outlets or inlets
divide 1,948 by 300 (the
rate at which air travels
a minute in the flues of a
stable) and you would
have 6.49. Multiplying
6.49 by 144 (the number
of square inches in a
square foot), would give
934.5, the total cross
sectional area in square
inches of inlets or out
lets for this barn. Now
the total required area,
934.5, will be divided by
the number of flues to be
provided so that the
fresh air will enter the
barn every 10 to 12 feet.
This barn being 36x86
feet, the inlet flues spac
ed at 12 feet intervals
require 18 flues.
To get the area of each inlet divide the total
cross-sectional area of inlets by 18 (1,948 divided
by 18 equals 108) and each flue should have an open
ing of 108 square inches. A 10x12 inlet flue comes
nearest to providing this amount.
The total cross-sectional area of the outlets
divided by four (1,948 divided by four equals 487),
which is the number of outlets that will remove the
foul air from all parts of the barn, gives a total
area of 234 square inches for each outlet. This
area will be secured in a flue 22x24 inches. The
area of the outlet flues should be a little larger
than that of the inlets.
However, too great a difference, especially in a
cold climate, will mean that the barn will be too
cold. The outlet flue should be provided with a
door that can be opened when it is desired to cool
the barn more rapidly than by normal ventilation.