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TREAT IS WS TIME IN WHICH IT NIGHT RATIFIED ALLOWED TO EXPIRE. MARROQUIN OIVfM fUlL PCWJi jREPORT THAT COLOMBIAN CON- GRESS HAS PLACEL iMATTER IN HIS HANDS. iROOStVELT TO TAKE NEXT STEP CAN TAKE UP NICARAGUA ROUTE OR ALLOW MATTERS TO DRIFT. Washington, Sept. 24. When the state department closed yesterday at 4 o'clock it was agreed that the Pan ama canal treaty was dead, although eight hours yet remained within which the'Colombian congress might take .-affirmative action upon it Nothing, however, had been received during the day, either from Minister Beaupre at Bogota, or from Mr. Herran, Colom bian charge here, which gave the slightest hope of a favorable issue. A report is current here that the Colom "bian congress in secret session has -clothed President Marroquin with full .power to -negotiate a treaty. -If this report shoulu turn out to be correct, President Marroquin, who is counted a friend of the treaty, coulu proceed tuntrammeled bv The Fear of Future reckoning with his congress. In any event President Roosevelt must now take the next step. He can *uot to -proceed under the Spooner act and take .up the Nioaraguan route or he scan allow matters to drift for the present in the hope that a way may yet be found to straighten out the .present difficulties in the p'.k of the JPanama route. Contrary to his custom during the .summer. Acting Secretary Adee of the state department, remained in the city last nigh*, in order to be on hand to :act promptly on any information which might come from'Mr. Beaupre regard ing canal matters at Bogota. Up to D:30 o'clock, however, nothing had "been received. Dr. Herran, the Colom bian charge, also waited anxiously for .news from his government, but Likewise Was Disappointed. Colombia, it is known, is anxious to keep alive the canal negotiations. What form her new proposition with that object in view will tale, id not known in Washington. One interest ing feature in connection with the leg islative situation in Colombia is the fact '.hat the terms of one-third zl the members of the senate, numbering nine, will expire on the 20th of next July, when the life of the present congress ends. The nine senators, it is said, are averse to the canal treaty. The hope of the advocates of the itreaty will be to elect senators in their place? ".'ho are favorable to the convention. It is expected that the campaign for the legislatures will be made on this issue. TURKEY MAY YIELD. Shows Signs of Giving in to Bulgarian Demands. London, Sept. 24.The Balkan situ ation presents a somewhat puzzling .aspect. Turkey is showing signs of yielding to the Bulgarian demands, and it is evident from the daily meet ing of the council of ministers at the Yildiz Kiosk that, some sort of negotia tions are in progress with the object of averting war. According to a dispatch to the Daily Mail from Constantinople these coun cils concern two possibilitieseither to make an arrangement, satisfactory to the Macedonians or obtain from the great powers promises of neutrality if it is found imposible to avoid a war. Apparently both Turkey-and Bulgaria are anxious to repudiate having taken the initiath in the negotiations. The Sofia correspondent of the Daily Telegraph asserts that the over tures came from Turkey and were welcomed by the Bulgarian minister, on the condition that deeds were sub stituted for wo--c.i and that the cessa tion of wh61ess.' inassacre should be come an accots-^hhed fan. He adds that a pacific solution,-JL it comes, will eman ite from Constantinople, where the. Bulgarian representative is invested with full powers, and the ne gotiations arc said to be proce'eding -satisfactorily. FELL EIGHT STORIES. Turned Three Somersaults but Es caped With Giight Injuries. New York. Sept 24. Tailing from the eighth floor of a building in course of erection at 20 West Eighteenth street, a distance of about eighty feet, and turning three somersaults in his descent, Joseph Heiser, an iron work er, escaped with only a slight lacera tion of two fingers. Policeman Not Guilty. Norristown, Pa., Sept. 24.After be ing out fifty minutes the jury in the trial of Harry McElmoyle, a former coal and iron policeman charged with the murder of Patrick Sharpo, a strik er, brought in a verdict of not guilty. Man Jumps Overboard. Cleveland, Ohio, Sept. 24. Whiie the passenger steamer City of Straits was en route from Cleveland to De troit a well dressed man jumped over board and was drowned. The suicide Xook place opposite Port-au-Pelee. THE GOAT AND THE PLUG. Old Darkey Was Satisfied the Animal Could Read. Three colored men were discussing the intelligence of different animals. One claimed that the dog knew more than all other animals put together. The horse was favored by a second man, but old Peter Jackson said that, "in my opinion de goat am de 'telli gentest enter livin'. I kin prove dat de goat kin read. I saw film do it, an' I know it am true. Several days ago, I wuz walkin' down street, dressed in mah best suit ob clothes, an' wearin' mah new plug hat. When I got down on de main street I seed a billboa'd on which it said, "Chew Jackson's plug.' A goat wuz standin' thar when I passed, an' when I wuz about ten feet away he must hab rec ognized me, for de next thing I knew I went sallin' out in de mud. When I looked 'roun', dat goat wuz chewin' mah plug hat for all he wuz worth. Gem'men, da is no question in mah mind about de 'teiligence ob de goat. He am a wondah." NOT TO BE TRUSTED. Why Conductor Thought Women Should Not Have Ballot. How many-sided and how funny is the life load in a city street car. Not long ago a woman gave the conductor of one a dollar bill. On receiving the change she counted and recounted it. "This Is not right," she called after him. "Ain't, eh there's 95 cents. Don't suppose yer wanter ride free." She made another mental calculation and blushingly subsided. As the man reached the rear platform he was iieard to grumble: "And them's the things as wants to vote." Wig Good Cause for Divorce. The widow of a large estate owner in Germany, who recently married a count of small means, has obtained a separation from her second husband on exceedingly novel grounds. Alter the marriage the bride discovered that her husband wore a wig and re ceived such a shock at the sight of his bald head that she took a violent antipathy to him, and commenced proceedings against him. Her suit was successful, and she obtained a separation after three weeks' mar riage. The .grounds upon which the decision was based were that if she had known of the wig she would never have married the count. Will Loan Money to Poor. A body of philanthropic New York ers have formed themselves into the Personal Protective Loan Associa tion, with the purpose of loaning money to the poor at 6 per cent per annum. The capital of the organiza tion is $10,000 and the incorporators are Thomas M. Mulry, Edward F. Cragin, Rev. Dr. David J. Burrell, Father A. P. Doyle and Robert B. Miller. Individual money lenders never charge less than 30 per cent, and sometimes a great deal more. There are 300 pawnshops in New York. Had to Pay to Find Out. At one of the New YorlP?theaters they are playing a piece called "A Fool and His Money." A preacher from Wisconsin was visiting Gotham last week and in passing the theater one evening was curious to know if the play conveyed the proverbial les son suggested by its title. Stepping up to the box office, he inquired re garding tho matter. "I think," said the suave party behind the grating, "that the moral of the piece is that the fool and his money gather no moss. It will cost you $2 to find out exactly." The preacher murmured "Thank you" and withdrew. He tells the story himself. New Way to Do Time. Dr. Lillinksjold, of Butte, Mont, is credited with having adapted hypno tism to a novel purpose. The doctor, having been placed under arrest, tried, fined and sentenced to gaol for twenty days for some small infracton of the law, deliberately hypnotized himself, saying he -would awaken from his trance at the expiration of twenty days. All efforts to awaken him were unsuccessful till the end of that peri od. As a mean of "doing" time, or of whiling away long intervals, Dr. Lillinksjokl's plan is probably unique. Inspecting American Railroads. J. T. Tatlow, John Wharton, George Banks, F. T. Dale and H. O'Brien, offi cials of the Lancashire and Yorkshire railway of England, are in this coun try and will make extended inspec tion of American railroads. They have been viewing things in several eastern cities and will shortly vist Chicago. They represent the me chanical, freight and passenger de partments of the Lancashire and Yorkshire road. The Coming Man. "Mrs. Frisbie is suing her husband for divorce." "Indeed? What is the trouble?" "Well, she says she tried not to mind when Mr. Frisbie used her curling irons, wore her shirt waists and borrowed her collar but tons. But when he besan to go through her pockets and extract her small change after she was asleep sl.e felt that patience had ceased to be a virtue."Brooklyn Eagle. Costly Skipping-Rope. A skipping-rope has been presented bj a fond Pittsburg millionaire to his six-year-old daughter. The handles are gold, studded with an odd jewel, while the cord, the finest procurable, cost more than a dollar per inch. When the child grows a little older she will be able fully to appreciate her papa's \ft. At present she treats it i -.j Twe an ordinary rope THE NEW ARMY RIFLE. It Is Practically Certain to Be the Best in the World. The new United States army rifle Is a remarkable evolution in small arms since the old Springfield single loader had its day. Practically twelve years cover the period of the develop ment, although the experience of the Spanish and Philippine wars has nat urally made the progress more rapid since 1898 than before that time. When the Krag was made the basis of the army magazine rifle there was more or less criticism, but it was poorly conceived. The Ordinance de partment has never regarded any model as necessarily a finality, but has ever been bent on improvements. Consequently modifications have been numerous and steady, and there is no reason why, with this constant appli cation of experience and inventive ge nius the United States service maga zine rifle should not be equal to any In the world.Springfield (Mass.) Re publican. BOY WAS TOO PREVIOUS. Came Near Causing Physician to Lose a Patient. A doctor tells a good story in con nection with a lad who until recently was in his employ. It was part of this youngster's daily duty to answer the surgery bell, and usher the pros pective patients into the consulting room. One morning there presented himself at the surgery entrance a mechanic, with whom Buttons was on speaking terms. "Hullo, Jackson!" he remarked, "what's the matter with you?" "Oh, I just want to see the doctor," replied the visitor. "Have yer brought yer symptoms with yer?" inquired Buttons, '"cos that's the fust thing he'll ask yer about. If yer ain't got 'em ye'd better pop back an' get em." "And would you believe it?" adds the doctor, "that fellow was actu ally about to act on the boy's advice when I entered the surgery!"Pear son's Weekly. Take a Look at Venus. Young man, when you have finish ed your dinner to-night, go up to the roof or out in the street or yard by your home and take a good, long look at the star of the evening. She will do you much good. In the first place, the mere fact of your having thought enough to spend the time to do this will. aid your mental development. In the second place you will have to lift your eyes and chin from the mire of the street about you to clean glory of Omnipotence. In the third place, you cannot look for five minutes at Venus or at any other planet or star without absorbing into yourself some of the calm, silent power which wheels this universe along its unbroken track, with never a slip of the tire or jostling of the axle.New York News. Charity in England. Some idea of the charitable disposi tion of the British people is found in the report of the charity commission ers, just issued. The total value of in vestments held by the official trustees of charitable funds at the close of last year was 22",314,735, divided into 22,798 separate grants. The ag gregate income from stocks, securities and annuities aggregated 646,517 in 1902. During the three-quarter's end ing Dec. 31, 1901, 1,670 new charities founded by will or deed came to the notice of the commissioners, involving a capital of 6,500,000 and upward. Differing Views on Providence. A recent traveler in Macedonia writes: "The views on Providence entertained by Turks and Jews re spectively and the extent to which be lief influences the conduct of each are well illustrated by the following anecdote: A Turk and a Jew were one day in a boat. Suddenly the weather changed and a fierce squall arose. The Jew proposed that they should turn back at once. The Turk was for going on. 'Fear not, my friend Allah is great,* he said, 'Allah is great,' retorted the Jew, 'but our boat is small.'" Wrong Foot Out of Bed. Ahout half the world puts the wrong foot out of bed in the morning. But which is the wrong foot? It is a superstition as old as the hills that if the left foot touches the floor first' you will have bad luck that day. Probably many men avoid this by sleeping on the right side of the bed, so that in rising the right foot natur ally comes first in contact with the floor. It is said to bo a fact that most i people lie on their right side because 1 of the prevalent notion that the heart I has freer action.New York Press. What We're Coming To. As we have already transmitted fair ly recognizable pictures of individuals by wire we may be able, before long, to do the same thing without wires. Why not? And then for the wireless lychromotelepantophonophotoscope by which we can see everybody, hear everybody, talk to everybody, when ever and wherever we please without cost. anywrhere on the surface of the globe. And then, hurrah for a short trip to Mars just to inflate our chests and show off!Magazine of Humor. The Development of Mexico. Facts in regard to the commercial annexation of Mexico are given in the National Magazine. Twenty-eight mil lions of United States capital is now invested in that country, and forty Mexican investment companies in Chi cago are sending in a million dollars a month. In the city of Monterey alone $10,000,000 was recently invest ed in one plant The Standard Oil company has invested $18,000,000 in Mexican mines within two years, and will put in $40,000,0 more. TO GET RID OF RATS. Writer Recommends Dipping the Ver min in Varnish. All tradesmen being liable to the incursions and depredations of rats, it may not be out of place to mention a method of getting rid of these pests which is recommended by a corres pondent of the Birmingham Daily Post. This consists in thinning down with petroleum ordinary slow-drying tar varnish such as bedstead makers and japanners use and pouring the mixture into the runs of the rats. The vermin are said to loathe the smell of the stuff, and will do any thing to get clear of it. A still more effective plan is said to be to catch a rat alive, dip It up to the neck in the varnish and turn it loose. Its fel lows will flee from it as from the de'il. The dipping process is said to be harmless to the rat. But some ironmongers may not care to "dip a live rat up to its neck." A GOOD PLACE TO BE "AT." Incongruity of Surroundings in a Wild Country. One of the etrangest sights I ever saw in a wild country was a little min ister garbed in solemn black, white "dog" collar, buttonless vest and stiff black straw hat. The dominie was standing in a leaky boat in the midst of a primeval woods, fishing the boil ing waters of a mountain torrent. At his back a cataract roared and pounded the rocks, churning the water to white suds above him the eternal snow glistened on the mountains, and but a few yards away a gaunt cinna mon bear was quietly nosing among the driftwood.Dan Beard in the World's Work. Here's a New "Drink" Cure. A novel remedy for the "drink hab it"or, rather, for enabling those who have "sworn off" to remain "on the water cart"consists of ice water drunk through a raw potato. Take a bowl of ice water and a pota to. Peel the potato and cut down one end of it until it can be easily insert ed in the mouth. Dip the potato in the ice water and suck it every time a craving for strong drink comes on. It is claimed that this treatment will effect an absolute cure. The why and the wherefore are not stated, but the process is s^ch a simple one that there can be no harm in trying it if any one is afflicted with a thirst which they really and truly desire to lose. To Cut Record Diamond. In Amsterdam a syndicate has been formed which will bear the great ex pease and risk attending the cutting of what is the largest known diamond, the Excelsior. The Excelsior was found at the Jagersfontein diamond mines of South Africa in 1893. It has the size of a hen's egg and weighs in its present raw state 970 carats, which is nearly twice as much as the Kohi noor weighed before it was reduced to its present size. Specially con structed machinery has to be em ployed for cutting the Excelsior and great care is used in insuring its safe ty from theft. Luncheon a Decided Success. A lady in Buda-Pesth recently gave a charitable luncheon party to the poor of her district. She placed no limit on the number of invitations, and the result was that 3,000 people arrived, all eager for the treat. Eventually the police had to draw their sabers to keep order among the revelers. There were no two opin* ions about the success of thte func tion. The guests to a ma(n declared that they had never 0 in as |yy. i a tense and exciting a liSgieon before in their lives. They were quite cut up when the time came to go. Remarkable Sea Monster. A remarkable sea monster was re cently caught in Port Fairy bay by some fiiskermen. It measured nine feet six inches in length, had a tail like that of a screw tail-shaft, no teeth, a nose like a rhinoceros, a head like an elephant, two dorsal fins, four side-fins and two steering fins. The skin was black and very soft. The most experienced fishermen say the specimen is altogether new to them. They cannot hazard a guess as to the 6pecies. The fish has been sent on to the Melbourne museum. Corean a College Graduate. Roanoke college at Salem, Va., ,vhich has had more foreign students than any other college in the south, will this year graduate the ..^second Corean to take the degree of bachelor of arts anywhere in the world, the first being Kin Beung Surh, who re ceived his A. B. at Roanoke in 1898 and his A. M. at Princeton in 1899. Kinsic Kimm, who will be graduated this year, is so good a speaker that he won a prize in declamation several years ago. From Immense Wealth to Poverty. George Kettler, an aged cobbler who died recently in Argentine, Kan., at one time was worth $12,000,000. Kettler was of German birth, and dur ing the Franco-Prussian war operated a large shoe factory in Hanover. Profitable army contracts swelled his fortune to the figure named, but he lost everything in speculation. Then he came to this country penniless to begin life anew. Woman's Logic. As one phase of life this is interest ing. A woman was overheard to re mark to her companion: "Yes, she was terribly sore about that day she lost $45 on the races." "What did she do it for?" asked the man. "Why, she must have some fun she works so hard all the rest of the time." THE TRAINING OF A CHILD. Several Important Points That Musi Be Remembered. To teach a child with success re quires only common sense, good judg ment and gentleness. There are, how ever, three other important points that must ever be foremost in the mind of the teacher. First of all, she must remember that to teach is to impart instruction not to find fault with ignorance, with lack of comprehension, with listlessness or with forgetfulness. Often, indeed, for these last named faults, poor teaching is- to blame. Second, there is the inflexible rule that requires a teacher to prepare every lesson carefully be fore giving it, in order to present it in an interesting and intelligible way. Third, there is the ever present dan ger of overdoing, against which th$ teacher must always be on guard. In the beginning short lessons fre quently varied give the best results. Ten or fifteen minutes for each study is enough, and this time limit must not be overstepped so long as to morrow represents another day.The Household. VITALITY OF BURNS' FAME. It Is One of the Great Facts of Our Literature. "The inquest" on Robert Burns was concluded long ago, but from time to time the findings are reviewed by crit ical writers, as in a recent symposium, says Collier's. A curious result thus chances. From every such inquisition the poet emerges the more radiant and triumphalthe critics are lost in the splendor they have evoked. It Is one thing to make literature it is another and quite different thing to write"about literature and the makers thereof. Thia is a truism, and yet the distinction is often confused, especially by the writ ers of criticism. Burns has survived several generations of critics, many of whom made a vain bid for remem brance by their praise or dispraise of him. The vitality of his fame is one of the great facts of our literature. Just an Incident in Georgia. Mr. Bud Spinks was awakened the other morning by a Strang, grunting noise in his room, which proved to be the voice of a medium-sized alligator that was warming itself by the smol dering ashes of his fireplace and inci dentally trying to swallow his boots, which he had placed there to dry, and which he had bought on the install ment plan and had only made one pay ment on them. The saurian had.suc ceeded in swallowing one boot and had- the other downclear to the fitraps, which Mr. Spinks seized and pulled it out. The 'gator is now on exhibition at Minche's drug store, but will soon be slain in order that Mr. Spinks, who is going around with one boot and one slipper, may recover the other boot.Adams Enterprise. The Roentgen Rays Failed. Hearing of the efficacy of the Roentgen rays for the removal of hairs from the upper lip a lady in Hanover, age thirty-five, applied to Dr. Karl Bruno Schurmayer, a prop erly qualified doctor and Roentgen ray specialist, for treatment. He operated twice, hut instead of remov ing the superfluous hairs the opera tion resulted in the skin of the face becoming red and the lips swollen. The lady thereupon brought an action against the doctor and was awarded $60 damages, against whicn he appealed, but the decision has just been upheld. The Development of Africa. In Ethiopia and the Soudan, the work of development and exploitation is progressing. The treaty recently concluded between King Menelek and the British government probably means the early construction of the Berber-Suakin railroad via Kassala (costing some $15,000,000) And the subsequent extension of the Kassala' line southward to Lake Rudolph, where eventually it will form a junc tion with the "Uganda railway, at the same time marking a long step toward the realization of the Cape-to-Cairo scheme. This Lunch Was a Success. A lady in Budapest recently gave a charitable lunch party to the poor of her district. She placed no limit on the number of invitations, and the re sult was that 3,000 people arrived, all eager for the treat. Eventually the police had to draw their sabers to keep order among the revelers. There were ro two opinions about the success of the function. The guests to a man declared they had never assisted in so intense and exciting a lunch before in their lives. They were quite cut up when the time came to go. Different After Five Years. William Glackins, who admires Whistler, cited the other day two let ters written by a collector of etchings to a certain print seller. Between the letters there was an interval of five years. The first said: "I do not want etchings by Whistler. They impress me as if flies that had fallen in an ink well had walked on old paper." The second letter said: "Send me every etching by Whistler the price of which is not ruinous."Philadelphia Record. Got I At the close of the third act the gifted tragedian was called before the curtain. "My friends," he said, ap parently much astonished and embar rassed, "your kindness overwhelms me. I have striven conscientiously to win your approval, but I was not pre pared for so magnificent a welcome and in the supxise of the moment I find myself utterlyI hesitate for want of a suitable word "Rats!* shouted a gallery hoodlum. SHE DID NOT DRINK. And Consequently Did Not Need First Floor Rooms. American pushfulness is an unlim ited quantity. The women are as ir repressible in socitty as the men in commerce. A certain visitor to the Riviera fonnd tnis out recently. He was occupying first floor rooms at a well-known hotel. An of a sudden, without any introduction or prelim inary, a note was brought to him eigned by the wife of a well-known American millionaire. It asked him whetner he would object to giving up his rooms to her niece. He was much amazed, but wrote back inquiring whether the niece drank. Mrs. Mrote in reply, in surprise and indig nation, winding up with an emphatic statement that her niece did not drink. Lord concluded with the following note: "Lord re grets that he cannot give up his first floor rooms to Mrs. 's niece, for he is convinced that, as the young lady does not drink, it is very much easier for her to get up stairs than it is for Lord ."London Tat ler. A NEW BOILED DINNER. Little One's Astonishment Natural Un der the Circumstances. "I have a little niece," said the ra conteur of the Sewing Circle, "who is never so happy as when she is al lowed to visit the kitchen and watch the servants at work. Fortunately, her mother has good-natured servants who rather enjoy having the child around, so many are the charmed hours which Jessie spends downstairs making little pies under the cook's superintendence, -and pretending she is 'grown up.' "The other day she descended to the laundry to oversee the family wash in her busy little way. She gave one look of utter astonishment as Mary put on the clothes to boil, and then fairly flew upstairs to her mother, ex claiming: 'Oh, mamma! What do you think? Mary's cooking the clothes tr din- ner!'"New York Times. Cheerfulness Counts. The Cosmopolitan says the longevity of the medical man is materially less than that of workers of other profes fiions. Only those with a sound physique, other things being equal, can win in a struggle for success. The sick look with confidence to the well. Tney demand the hearty dogmatism that comes from the overflowing of animal spirits. They enjoy the cheer ful optimism that comes from a good digestion. They lean upon the doc tor in their weakness and yield willing obedience to his kindly influence. Much of the power possessed for good may be outside of pills or potions, cor rect theories or sound deductions. American Medicine. Bait! A class In a Sunday school was list ening to a lesson on patience. The topic had been carefully explained, and as an aid to understanding the teach er had given each pupil a card bearing the picture of a boy fishing. "Even pleasure," said she, "requires the exer cise of patience. Look at the hoy fish ing! He mup* sit and wait and wait. He must be patient." Having treated the subject very fully, she began with the simplest, most practical question: "And now can any little hoy tell me what we need most when we go fish- ing?" With one voice was the answer shouted"bait!" "V31 Evicted Kaffirs, The correspondent of a London pa per, writing from British South Afri ca, says the Kaffirs are bound to in crease in population more rapidly than the whites, whom they already greatly outnumber, and, being barred from work in many cases by the im portation of cheap labor from India and forced to leave their land hold ings, which they retain only under lease from the Boers, to whom it has been allotted, and under liability of eviction, a serious uprising of the na tives is not beyond the possibilities of the near future. Losses by Drought in Australia. The wheat harvest of 1902 in New 5outh Wales is only one-tenth -of the harvest of 1901, and this represents a loss to the wheat growers of over 2,- 000,000. The losses in grain, hay and vegetables are at least as great in the aggregate, while the disasters of the pastoral industry are on a yet more tragical scale. In the flocks and herds of the state there is a decrease of 47,401 horses, 319,461 cattle and 15,- 669,632 sheep! Taken at low rates, this represents an immediate cash loss of something like 8,000.000. J_ Had Him in Doubt. "Is your wife a good manager?" "I really don't know." "Don't know!" "No. You see, I always thought I had pretty much nay own way in every thing, hut the other day I got hold of an article on the diplomatic man agement of husbands, and since read ing that I'm not at all sure that my wife hasn't been managing me right sJong. If that's so, you can put her down as one of the best and cleverest managers that ever lived." A Mother to the Girl. The woman who had lost her maid at the moment that she was expecting visitors went to the janitor in her distress, hoping that he might be able to find some one to help her out. He was Hibernian and effusively sym pathetic. "Shure an' it's too bad," he assured her, "an' you afther bein* a mither to that girl!" As the girl was as black as a negro could be, the woman took the compliment with res Tvations. 1