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V^Wih ff iaW 'tup- ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS By Levi G. Johnson Astronomers as well as other en thusiasts have been eagerly looking forward to the coining of the wonder ful planet Mars, with its strange red splendor, into the midnight sky of June, 1922. More public interest has in recent years been concentrated on the planet Mars than on any other. Its resemblance to our Earth in dis tance from Sun, seasons and climate, length of night and day, atmosphere, its supposed oceans and canals, white capped (snow covered) poles, etc., have all tended to interest us in its possible inhabitants, any certain proofs of which has not, and very likely will never be seen. I will, how ever, leave the subject of habitation with a passing remark that life in its varying forms resembling that on our world may exist on Mars, and will not even dispute the view of Mr. Marconi that the wireless "signals" which dur ing the summer of 1921, he has noted coming in with enormously long elec tric waves, have their origin far out side the Earth and may be inspired by personages on the planet Mars, who are testing this planet of ours to see whether it is inhabited by beings in telligent enough to respond to a call from space. While Mr. Marconi hold ing to Mars as the most probable source of the signals, admitted that they might possibly come from Venus, while Garrett P. Serviss, a conserva tive astronomer, commenting on the subject, reversed this view saying that they (the signals) might probably come from Venus, though they might possibly come from Mars, basing his theory on calculations of the positions and^ varying distances between Mars, Venus and the Earth, and their sit nation with regard to the Sun. Mars is? a globe of 4,215% miles in diameter, rotates on its .axis in 24 hours 37 minutes. Makes its revolu tion around the Sun in 687 clays. It's appositions occur at intervals of two years and one or two months.' Its mean distance from the Sun is 141,- 546,678 miles and its orbital speed is nearlv 15 miles per second. The ec centricity of its orbit is .0933332, or about 5% times that of the Earth's, being the nearest planet outside the Earth its distance from the Earth varies more than any other planet, being an average of 234 million miles when on the other side of the Sun, and 48 million when in apposition, but on account of its eccentric orbit may be as far away as 267 million and as near as 35% million miles. Its effect upon the apparent brightness is of course very great. Mars will be in opposition to the Sun on June 10, 8 A. M. and will consequently cross the meridian at midnight. Rising in the southeast at S :35 beaming like a red signal lantern, several times brighter than a first magnitude star,, its position in the zodiac being such that its altitude at meridian transit is less than 10 de grees above our horizon, which is 2% degrees lower than the Sun at Christ mas. Its position in' the sky is be tween the constellations Scorpio and Sagittarius in the region of the Milky Way. Mars has for some time been The nearest of all the planets. It's position in its orbit at present is such that it is approaching the Sun while the Earth is receding from it the combined effect is such that ..Mara will be approaching us for some time after its apposition point. The time of near est approach being June 18, 5 P. M. it will then be 42,364,000 miles, while Venus the next nearest will be at this time 128 million miles. The next apposition, in August, 1924, will be a much closer apposition, Mars being near perihelion and.at a higher alti tude, affording an advantage for ob servations. Mars possesses two min iature moons revolving with great ra pidity and at close range, they being called Deimos and Phobos their dis tances are 15,000 and 6,000 miles and time of revolution 30 hours 10 minutes and 7 hours and 39 minutes respec tively. The surface gravity of Mars ""is 0.36 of the Earth's, an ordinary man would their weigh about 60 lbs. Table for Week June 11-17 (Standard time) Sun Sun hi Rises Mer. 4:26 4:26 4:25 4:25 4:25 4:25 4:25 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday L Saturday Sun Sets 8:26 8:27 8:28 8:28 8:29 8:30 8:30 Moon Rises 9:53 10:31 11:05 11:34 Morn 0:01 0:26 12:26 12:27 12:27 12:27 12:27 12:27 12:28 Moon in apogee Friday. Moon in last quarter Saturday: -Venus sets Sunday 10:37. Jupiter sets Sunday at 1:10. 1 WEST VALLEY I Mrs. Fardahl. of Karlstad,, com menced parochial school in Dist. 130 last week. v.. Mr. and Mrs. O. Rindal and daugh ter, of Oaklee, Minn., visited at P. A. Hanson's last week. The Red River Mission will hold va Where Your Taxes Go How Uncle Sam Spends Your Money in Conduct* ing Your Business By EDWARD G. LOWRY Author "Washington CIOM-UDS," Financial SystH," ate. ContrOmtor PoUtteal and Economic Artielca to Laadmf PWiodfaak and a Writer of Recognised Authority on tho National Qofanmont's Bniinma atathoaa. Copyright. Western Nawtaapar Union two day meeting in the Norwegian Lutheran church of West -Valley Tuesday and Wednesday, May 13 and 14, commencing at 10:30 A. M. Free lunch will be served by the congre- frustrates ambitions and reduces the gation. Dr. L. Rokke, of Grand Forks, visit ed with home folks on Decoration Day and helped decorate the graves of the loved ones passed away. Fifty-two big bundles for $1.50 at the Sheaf office. Big values In every one. Subscribe Now. '.._,. The Ladies' Aid of the Norwegian Lutheran Church will be entertained by Mrs. N. O. Strandquisf Sunday, $iay 18. All are welcome. Miss Myrtle Hanson returned from Thief River Falls Saturday morning, where she graduated the previous evening. A. Rokke teaches in, Dist52. par ochial school. d"% W Mr. and Mrs. W. M, Hanson visited at G. Thun Sunday last. Mr. and Mrs. B. O. Rokke and chil dren visited at Middle River Sunday last. Mrs. Ole Hjelle'is busy at hisrduty nowadays. 1 $* mass of employees to a more or'less passive state, which Is permeated by :i sense of fear. In such an atmosphere, naturally enough, the physical conditions of em ployment are far from what they should be. and the government loses efficiency, as does any other employer where the wage scale is' inadequate ,$nd unstandardlzed, where sanitary conditions are bad and hours of work too long aud irregular. Tbe,wage scale is so low that the CIVil Service commission has difficulty iff securing properly qualified appli cants, and throughout the service the turnover is high. Employees doing ,the same kind of work often receive widely different rates of pay ex perienced workers often receive less than beginners, and virtually every kind of ipequallty and injustice exists. ^-"^fS^^ff^ 1 IfrJw.. J"''":^:. 'XXIV. VIEW OF THE EMPLOYEE The obvious solution of the govern ment's employment problem Is the standardization and readjustment of salaries. To be scientific, such re adjustment must rest upon a careful reclassification of the service. Con ditions are very different now, both in regard to the functions of offices and the cost of living, from what they were when positions in the govern ment service were first classified and salaries assigned to those positions. It struck me that an interested party in this Inquiry into how Jhe govern ment conducts its" business was the employee himself. He ought to know from actual daily experience some thing about the mechanism of the national business and the relations be tween the working force and employer. It was clearly impossible to talk to the more than 500,000 men and women who work for the government, but I learned that between 50,000 and 60,- 000 of themvare banded together in an association called the National Federa tion of Federal Employees. It is a regular labor union, and is affiliated with the American Federation of Labor. It includes all classes of gov ernment workers, technical and scientific men, as well as clerks and unskilled workers. I asked the president of tills em ployees' union, Luther C. Steward, if he and his associates were authorized to speak for all its membership. He assured me that they were. So I asked him to tell me about the conditions of government employment ind how the business was carried on. 1 am glad I did, for what he told me discloses not only facts, but a state of mind existing among the em ployees which necessarily must be taken into account in any considera tion of the efficiency and management of our common business. Here then is what the employees, -who speak through* Mr. Steward, have to say, and the constructive program they present for the improvement of the service: The civil service on its human side consists of about 500,000 men and women engaged in the operation of an antiquated patched-up machine. Be cause of the durability of its vital parts and the faith and ability of the mass of the operatives the machine still functions. But the parts are ill-fitted, and many of them are de fective. The managers .and superin tendents of the establishment, being too often chosen for political reasons, are frequently, inexpert, and the operat ing system is clumsy and disjointed. The employees are recruited under a law which provides a t#st of qualifications, and' probably nine-tenths of the rank and file have satisfactorily passed the entrance test. But the better positions, say from $3,000 up ward, are usuaiiy occupied by political appointees. Another considerable group of employees get their appoint ments by. executive order, waiving civil-service tests of fitness. The newcomer In the service, there fore, finds himself up against a mini mum of opportunity for promotion, with the disheartening knowledge that the advancement which Is earned by competence is all too likely to be given to the friend or political supporter of some congressman or executive who wishes to pay a political debt. And the employee is subject to dismissal at the will of the executive of bis de partment, unless he can bring sufficient political influence to bear. In other words, the civil-service law is not backed up by enforcing power In the Civil Service commission. It merely recruits the applicants for en trance. Thereafter the employee's fate is largelyt a matter of his own luek and negative passive merit. There is no system by which he may be fitted to the job, and no protection against dismissal, unless the employee himself can show -that the reason Is political or religious. "For the good of the service," as the law reads, covers every other charge which the executive official may bring. There ia no court of appeal. Such is the oppressive, Incentlveless, vitiating atmosphere of -the govern ment service. It stifles initiative, A week from today is County play day. A great number of people are planning on going from this communi ty to cheer for the boys and girls and to help the'Radium section win the prizes. This will be the first time we have entered into the county fete and we have unusually good timber. The following pupils will represent Ra dium division: Albert Knutson, Dist. 4 George Linbeck, Dist. 12 Myrtle Torvi, Dist. 4 Ted Skonovd, Dist. 57. Miss Lounina Poirier, Dist. 132 teach er. The following will also be present to act as substitutes in the event any of the above are unable to carry their part: Alice Potucek, Dist. 132 Irma Laidley, Dist. 131 Lucy Horter, Dist. 4 Evelyn Hegstrom, Dist. 162 Obin Knutson, Dist. 4, and Ethel Loeslie, Dist. 4 ANGUS-RADIUM BALL GAME Sunday afternoon an interesting game of ball took place between Ra dium and Angus. It was the first game for both teams and while many errors occurred in wearing the rust off, the game was interesting because the scores kept quite even. A tenth inning was necessary to decide the game which was won by Angus by the final scores in the tenth inning. Scores as follows: Angus 270210011 418 Radium ..._ 80030 1011 216 Battery for Angus, Miller, Zimmer man and Nelson for Radium, Christy, Hill and Sommers. Struckout by Mil ler 1. by Zimmerman 13. Hits off Miller 3, off Zimmerman 12 Struckout by Christy 6, by Hill noue. Hits off Christy 14, off Hill none. Home run by J. Zimmerman for Angus. Umpire Chas. Sommers. Mr. Lund, manager of the Radium team,' is trying to line up some in teresting games for Radium. SUNDAY SCHOOL NEWS Services are held each Sunday at 2 P. M. Let us all be present to start promptly as possible. Mr. and Mrs, Pierce attended a convention at Grand Forks Sunday but- will meet their classes Sunday. They hope to have a banner attendance. Bring your vis itors along. Mary Clausen, Dorothy Clausen, Helen Metheny, Jessie Cook, Linn Cook Chester Essig, Dorothy Clausen and Fern Gilmore have all promised to give the second commandment word perfection. We wish someone would surprise us by giving them all. We have just received a large print copy of the Lord's Prayer and the Ten Commandments. Lesson leaflets have also come so that each one can have the lesson sheet to refer Ito in class. The pictures will bwei next Monday so be prepared to order be fore that time RADIUNUNTEWS-mm% RADIUM COMMUNITY IN JCOUNTY PLAY DAY ^Warren visitors Tuesday afternoon.' one sordered vo it Everybody welcome to the Sunday school hour at 2 P. M. PARCEL SHOWER FOR MISS BAESMAN Fifty women and girl friends of Miss Clara Baesman assembled at the hoine of Fred Baesman in honor off Miss Clara Baesman. Miss Baesman was presented with a shower of most useful and beautiful giftsgiven as a token of good wishes to the young lady. MAXINE LOT PASSES AWAY The little eight year old daughter of Mrs. Lot, well known in Radium community, died a week ago Wednes day from diptheria. The little girl was ill only a few days. Radium community friends extend sympathy to Mrs. Lot in her sorrow. Little Joe and Chas. Pierce are still progressing nicely. Little Elenora ISerrick, of Warren, was in Radium with friends Monday afternoon. Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Wittman and family, Gust and Clara Baesman call ed at the Arthur Baesman home Sun day evening. KNUTSON & HOLSON City Fuel Oflice All kinds of Wood and~Coal. Teaming in Connection. Phone No. 63 THE RING THAT pll SYMBOLIZES,A iMs! PROMISE \-^S|| The' betrothal ring requires ^1 much more care in selection than any other jewelry git: you will ever buy. g| Perhaps mere man neverpl can fully realize the grea%5| store the young girls sets by^ the ring which symbolizes ber||| marriage promise. ISf We have had the privilege^l of aiding many people in the|0 selection of this most*f in*gg portant gift. __ P. J. Turnlund and son Carl were Sommers and Sons were busy shear ing their big flock or sheep. Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Allen were in Warren Tuesday afternoon. Mrs. J. J. Torvi and children left to join Mr. Torvi On the farm near Crookston. Best wishes of friends go with them. Miss Bessie Sedlacek is expecting to leave, in a few days for Bemidji where she will. attend summer school at the teachers college. Gravel hauling will commence Mon day in Comstock township. John Emanualson made a business trip to Middle River Monday. We are proud to have the follow ing young people in our community graduate. Harry Sedlacek graduated from the Warren High School Agnes Skonovd, Laura Hill ancT Laura Laid ley, from Warren normal training course, and Arthur Monroe from busi ness course at the North Star College. Miss Bessie Yuergens returned from Warren last Wednesday, where she had .spent two weeks with friends. ...The Sedlacek family and Mr. and Mrs. Goodroad and daughter, of War ren, enjoyed a picnic at the Old Mill Sunday. The following called at Dean's Sun day evening: Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Otto and family, Bertha Anderson, the Baesman young people, Mr. and Mrs.j Walter Loeslie, Gust Bodell, John and, Clarence Loeslie. Mrs. Fred Lenhart will entertain the Lutheran Ladies Aid Sunday af ternoon, June 11. You and your friends arje invited. Come! Mr. andl^Mrs. P. J, Bauer and son Jodie were Thief River Falls visitors Sunday before last. Christ Clausen and Albert Stroble were Crookston visitors Tuesday. Alfred Eckman has purchased a new car. Dorothy Clausen entertained several of her friends last Thursday after noon in honor of her birthday. Albert Baesman left for Yale, S. Dak., Thursday where he will be em ployed for the summer. .A dollar and a half invested in a year's subscription to the Sheaf will save yon many times that amount if you watch the advertisements closely. A Swedish Mission camp meeting will be held at the home of Mrs. P. Fagerstrom June 14 and 15. Every body is invited to come and worship. John and Clarence Loeslie, Albert Knutson and Wm. Yuergens made a trip to Middle River Sunday. R. C. Mathwig was a business caller in Radium Monday. Mr. and Mrs. J. O. Allen were War ren visitors Tuesday evening. Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Pierce were Grand Forks visitors Sunday. E. L. SKALMAN Funeral director and licensed embaimer. Auto hearse in con nection. Phone No. 106-J, War ren, Minn. iSs! '-.W$ Our diamond collections aresi well worth inspection, and.^ weS% invite you to^iome in and -flee^r them at any time that 'suits^g vour convenience. ":^i-'A'.'-- *D. FARREkffil DEFFnTlV/P PArtP The Women-VClubwiJl meet with urged to bring a guest Mrs. McGregor^ entertained a!' be?aif te^rTd SSSiSL vJ* nd S i? uSap, trn quainted with the new "little prize fighter" at the Clausen home. Uttowt, look tU tho big chimf! Say* ho can't brook away till ho fin ishes his Kellogg's Corn Flakes! Guess ho knows good things, aw* rightt" $&4 montht ^Sirs. Chas. Potucek tomorrow afterh-i can bring thboard greater their noon (Thursday). All5alongT *^e n.Joe hom If you work hard and Save nothing what have you? When you want- TJHos big, sunny-brown "sweet-hearts-of-the-corn" just seem to ^et things going right, from the littlest "star boarder^ to the eldest! For, Kellogg's Corn Flakes hit-the-spot as no other cereal ever could and {hey area continuous taste-thrill! 7 If Tempting itf their appearance, wonderful in supreme flavor and crunchy and crispy to the very last degree, Kellogg's Corn Flakes are really and truly a revelation in good-things to eatfor breakfast, for any meal and for between-times nibbles! 1 How all your folks will delight to get Kellogg's how they'll appre- ciate Kellogg's crispness. For, Kellogg's are never tough or leathery or hard to eat! You'll see big and little bowls come l^&.for "ome more Kellogg's, Mother, please!'/ 3^ i Whejtyou order Kellogg's todayinsist upon get- ting KELLOGG'Sthe delicious Corn Flakes in the RED and GREEN package! It bears the signature of W. K. Kellogg, originator of Corn Flakes. NONE ARE GENUINE WITHOUT ITI Also maker* of KELLOGG'S KRUMBLES and KELLOGG'S BRAN, cooked and krumblei and the mor milk the 1 C S Thursday afternoon Devotional ser- Jun 10? -^iSLmSJv? -a. scraper work and cement filling in and Hpgrirtaa and family visited repairing of bridges: Road between her daughter, Mrse. Clausen, of Ra- i &e 5 an Maybe when you read this article, you have an INSPIRATION TO SAVE. Don't kill it! Put it into action IMMEDIATELYnothing safer and nothing better. WORK and SAVE. The Farmers State Bank of Radium GOOD HARDWARE: GOOD PAINT GOOD FENCING GOOD FARM TOOLS GOOD GARDEN TOOLS buy them at J. R. THOMAS Kellogg's Corn Flakes Kellogg's Bran, Kellogg'sKrumbles etizing Can bepur chased at CORNFLAKES farmer,s followine places Saturday members are!willt be. "-fitsai a Sw dis Th town of Comstocreturnls mee wil NOTICE OF BIDS 1922, to receive. bids on 1 between 33 and 3 4 at 1 6 i stri a N E Mr. George Matti began his duties P. M. Bridge on N. E. corner Sec. in the Cheese factory Tuesday morni.'32 at 4 M. ing. The supply of milk will un-j Any or "all bids may be rejected, doubtedly be good during the coming! Marinda Kramer, Clerk. Perspiration and Inspiration One of the healthiest signs of the times is the realization by most people that they mustWORK. When a nation or an individual gets down to this fundamental principle of progress, prosperity will come as surely as one sunrise follows another, and BEFORE schedule time/ '*-&*$& a- M. Bridge* 1 0 A M. Road Corner Sec. 3. 4 at 2 E M. Bridg' on N. E. Corner Sec. 33 at & r~jt ^jy* 33 pifih ''j. 14 *Hr Vz? -s* .^48 -si r-"w*i -,.v XT