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Established 1887 T IS Dr. Derby who X brought the great meteor ite from the state of Ba hia to Rio de Janeiro. #This meteorite is the largest in any musenm; it is more than seven feet long, almost five feet in width, and its weight is about twelve hun dred tons. It was first discov ered in 1874, and the following year an attempt was made to convey it to the town of Bahia by means of a truck built for the purpose. It took the men three days to load it, and it is said eight oxen dragged it a dis tance of fifteen hundred feet to the bed of a stream near by, where they had to abandon it. There it lay for twenty-five years, when an English man found it resting in a bed of rust. Several years later a few pieces were broken off by the aid of instruments and fire and taken to other museums. The largest piece is now in a museum in Munich, Germany. It was shortly after Dr. Derby came to Brazil that he concluded to get the meteorite to Rio de Janeiro. A railroad had been built in the meauwhile and a special truck was made to work on the rails. It took one hundred and twenty-Bix days to get the meteprite to the railroad, and it was finally brought to Rio de Janeiro in 1899. The meteorite was carried over a wild country and across a range of mountains which were twenty-four hundred feet high. Brazil has also produced a vast amount of diamonds. There is no doubt, however, that diamonds are still being found ib Brazil. And no one knows but what diamond pipes may yet be discovered. Until the opening up of the mines of South Africa, most diamonds were found in the gravel of streams; they were known to exist almost two hundred years ago. As far back as 1732 no less than thirty thousand men were searching for diamonds in the state of Minas, and during the following half century Brazil exported precious stones to the value of $18,000,000. During the eighteenth century the stones were sold in parcels by contract under government regula tions, and the average price was $3 per carat. Up to 1850 more than a quarter of a million carats of dia monds were taken out of two rivers. Until 1871 Brazil held first place in the world in the production of diamonds. r The first diamonds were discov ered in the state of Minas Gereas, in a country which is about five hundred miles north of Rio de Ja neiro. The country has an eleva tion of from thirty-five hundred to fifty-seven hundred feet above the sea. Much of the diamond country is made of ravines, and gems are found in a sort of a blue clay de posit in beds a few feet in thickness. There are also diamond fields in central Bahia, and many are found m the streams. Some of the gravels are in swamps, buried from twenty to thirty feet in mud, and some lie in streams on the bedrock below the gravel. Some of the mining is done by dredging, but not very success fully. Mining for diamonds in South Africa is done on a grand scale. The fields are owned by the diamond syndicate and the whole is in the hands of a great trust, which hires the labor and fixes the prices. There no one can mine for dia monds without the consent of the trust and the government, and he cannot even buy and sell diamonds without government permission. In Rio de Janeiro and Brazil Some Idea of the Many Opportunities Found in Our South American Neighbor By J. L. W. (Continued from last week) Brazil anyone can get a license to mine diamonds, and the diamond fields are full of prospectors and small groups of men who have joined together to search for the precious stones. The work is done much like placer mining in the United States, and all the tools necessary can be carried on a mule. Much of the work is done in the streams; the miners dive from boats, taking with them a canvas bag held open with iron rings. Each miner fills his bag with the gravel and then rises to the boat, where he empties it. After a sufficient amount of gravel has been secured it is car ried to the shore and the diamonds sorted out. Where the men have enough capital they sometimes dam the streams and turn the water so that the dry bed can be looked over. The finest diamond ever discov ered in Brazil is known as the Star of the South. It weighed in the rough two hundred and fifty-five carats, and one hundred and twen ty-five carats when cut. The next was the Dresden, a green diamond, which weighed one hundred nine teen and one-half carats; and another was the Star of Minas, which weighed one hundred and seventy-five carats. Dr. Derby thinks that these three diamonds were of the same original form. Each was a combination of curved faces, consisting of a dome rising from a plate surface. They were all found in Minas, on or near the River Bagagem. The Brazilian diamonds are of different colors and they are said to be fifty per cent better on the aver age than those of South Africa. A red diamond, almost ruby in color, which weighed two and three fourths carats, brought $15,000 in London in 1899. There have been green diamonds found. The Irish crown jewels, valued at $250,000 are made up almost entirely of Brazilian gems. Altogether, it is said, that up to 1903, Brazil had exported a total of something like four tons of diamonds, in addition to its carbons and other precious stones. There is a great deal of money in the carbons of Brazil. Carbons are impure diamonds of a black or brown color. They are very hard and are used to make boring machines and to polish hard substances. They are found in all sizes, from as big as a grain of sand to others that weigh hundreds of carats. The United States buys thousands of dollars worth of these carbons every year. I have visited many of the jewel ry stores in Rio; they have mag niticent diamonds, but I am told that prices are about the same as those of other cities. Some of the stores of the Avenida Central sell rough diamonds up to one-fourth carat from $5 to sl2 each; and from one fourth carat to one carat in size from sls to $25; and above two carats are no fixed rates. Cut stones are far more expensive than the stones in the rough. Among the other stones sold which are es pecially beautiful are tourmalines, aquamarines and topazes. One of the most beautiful topazes ever dis covered came from Brazil. It was originally given by the Emperor Don Pedro to Pope Pius IX., who gave it to the King of Naples. There was also a ruby-red topaz of twenty-four carats sold in the nine teenth century for $25, which would bring many times that amount at the present day. We now arrive at Santos. This oity is the chief coffee port of the • - *■ - , ‘ . . - • • • - - - - ... - - • ' - . " : ' ‘ ” ' - . - ' ‘ ‘ ,-*• ’ f * '■ ‘ ' ' I HISTORICAL OUR MOTTO:— **l< la Neter Too Late to Mend.** j SOCIETY Stillwater. Minnesota. Thursday, June 15. 1916. Vil world. My first visit was in 1900. It was then known as the white man’s grave. It reeked with yellow fever and Death stalked in the streets. It is now one of the most healthful cities of the tropics. Fol lowing the wonderful revolution in sanitary matters brought about by our work at Panama, which has gone on all over Brazil, Santos filled in the swamps about the water front and destroyed the mosquito breeding area. It put in a new drainage system, inaugurated a government water supply and, as a result, made the town as healthy as a mountain village. The city has built about three miles of first-class docks and has practically recon structed the business section. It has paved the streets with asphalt and laid down sidewalks of concrete. The town is now wonderfully clean and well kept. The buildings are of two, three and more stories. They are painted all colors of the rainbow. The city has a good sys tem of electric cars. There is one line that takes you out to the beach at Guaruja. This is one of the finest beaches in Brazil, and upon it are hotels and cottages. This place is in fact a summer resort for all parts of the Brazilian republic. Between 1900 and 1912 Santos has tripled in population. It has dow, or had in 1912, about 100,000 in habitants, and it will continue to grow. It lies on a little island, close to the mainland at the foot of the Brazilian highlands, and just where the great down-spout from the coffee plantations ends. It will always be a great port, and, in ad dition, has a banana industry. And a sugar industry is growing up in the lowlands near by. It is the gate way to the vast coffee plantations of Sao Paulo, and for a greater part of the year a steady stream of coffee bags flows down into it from the Brazilian highlands, and then takes the ship which carries them to the United States and Europe. Everything in Santos is coffee. The town is built upon coffee beans and the fortunes of its citizens rise and fall with the price of coffee. The people talk nothing else but coffee, even as the people of lowa talk principally of corn. The street traffic of Santos is coffee. Uuge automobiles piled high with coffee bags move this way and that. Heavy carts similarly loaded are hauled by mules. And there are ships taking on coffee for all parts of the world. I came to Santos from Rio de Janeiro on the ship Schomoth. She was a blue-funnel liner of 17,000 tons, belonging to a mamm 3Jmtr 14 ■slk 4k # # # 1777 1916 Thy silken folds unfurled Proclaim to all the world A nation's pride. For thee grim toilers wrought; For thee brave men have fought, And bled, and died. As o’er blood-purchased lands, O’er seas and alien strands Thou’rt raised on high; May'st thou an emblem be Of Right and Liberty, For which men die. OUR FLAG By Optimo Boston firm, which port we loaded coffee for. Each bag of coffee weighs 132 pounds. Some of the steamers were loading by men. They took the bags from the warehouses, car ried them to the steamers and dropped them on deck to be low ered into the holds. In this pro cess a stream of men flows from the wharves to the steamer. The men go on a trot, each loaded with a bag weighing 132 pounds. Some of them carry the bags on their heads, holding the ends of the bags with their hands as they run up the board-walk to the deck. The men are very full chested and have very thick necks, the muscles of which seem to have been turned to iron by the enormous weights which from boyhood they have been ac customed to carry on their heads. Most of the large steamers are loaded with endless belts like those upon which wheat is carried from place to place in our great eleva tors. These belts run upon carriers which begin in the basement of the coffee warehouse and wind their way until they reach the wharves. Here they rise and trayel overhead and empty their loads into the holds of the steamers. The bags are dropped on the belt and are not touched again until they are packed in the hold. As they move along in the air they look like gigantic mice creeping along. We load wheat at Seattle in the same man ner by placing the bags on electric belts. There are more than twenty warehouses running for a mile or so along the docks. They cover many acres and are packed from floor to roof. The bags are laid up like cordwood, and a warehouse may be a solid mass of these bags of coffee. I have been told that when they are loading a ship with coffee that every time a watch ticks, 132 pounds of coffee falls upon the traveling belt and is started on the way to the hold of the steamer. The hourly stream measured a little less than 8,000 pounds, and every twelve hours about 100,000 pounds of coffee is loaded by each of the belts. This work begins in July and keeps up for months. At times more than 50,000,000 pounds are loaded in a single day. At the same time more Brazilian coffee is being loaded at Rio de Janeiro and and at Bahia and elsewhere. The total crop of the country is two-thirds that of the whole world. Ia some years it has amounted to in the neighborhood of 20,000,000 bags, and of this this 15,000,000 bags have come from Santos alone. (Continued next week.) In Scintillating' and Spectacular Contest with the River Falls, Wis., Team N ONE of the fittest exhi- X bitions of baseball ever _____ seen on the local dia mond, the M. S. P.’s last • * Saturday demonstrated skill and class of the highest order, and pitch er Lee came into his own, earning the laurel wreath in the game with River Falls. We have seen all the games played on the home diamond, but none that equaled this for clev er and fast work by both sides. Be it said also that the River Falls ag gregation played the best ball ever displayed here by an outside team and are as gentlemanly a lot of ball players as we’ve ever had the good fortune to meet. The weather was made to order for baseball and a goodly number of visitors enjoyed a fine afternoon’s entertainment. The work of both pitchers was on the stellar order, neither side getting above four clean hits not counting two infield scratches made by the visitors. Twenty-seven strike-outs for the day, fifteen of these falling to Nelson and twelve to Lee. Ou several occasions when all the bases were populated, both pitchers clev erly worked themselves out of the hole. In addition to fine pitching, the visitors staged some nice run ning catches in the outfield. For the home team Dela contributed a good running catch and Bush blasted River Falls’ hopes in the ninth by featuring a fine leaping one-handed stab of Mosel’s line drive back of second, lost his bal ance, fell and turned a complete somersault, retaining the ball in his trusty mitt for the third out, leav ing Brown stranded at third base. Page played first base in bis inimit able style and the rest of the boys played the heads-up kind of ball. It is seldom that we have seen so much solid fun packed into an hour and thirty minutes of play. Congratu lations were showered upon the baseball manager and the individual members of the team upon their splendid showing. The boys are coming fast and we predict many good things in store for the local fans. Story of the game: First: —Mosel, Sennen and Rich ards were fanned in rapid order by Lee. No runs. It soon became evident that Nel son would prove no mean adversary when he duplicated the feat on Brad, Bush and Fan. No runs. Second: —Morse reached first when a high throw caused Page to remove his foot from the bag. Sher burne was dusted off by one of Lee’s shoots and Morse advanced one station. Morse out at third on Brown’s force hit. Everson fanned. Fortune singled to center, scoring Sherburne. Nelson struck out. One run. Wag singled to left. Dela got hit and Wag moved up. Shields popped to Richards. Lo sent a short single to left, but Wag was held at third by fast fielding. Page fanned. Lo was nailed at second when Lee grounded to short. No runs. Third: —Mosel beat out an infield grounder to short, only to be caught stealing second. Sennen reached first on Shields’ bobble. Richards struck out. Morse took first on a boot of his grounder and Sennen went to second. Sherburne sent a short single to left and filled the bases. Lee tightened and Brown fanned on his foolers. No runs* Brad whiffed. Bush popped to Mosel. Fan sent a high fly to Brown. No runs. Fourth: —Everson singled to left. Fortune fanned. Nelson forced M. S. P.’s Win Brilliant Victory By “Bobbles” r,- -M MINN ESC" HISTORIC A SOCIETY XXIX: No. 45 Everson at second. Mosel popped to Bush. No runs. Clark goes to center field and Brown switched to right for visitors. Wag swung at three. Dela drove a single to center and scored on Shields’ double to left. Lo struck out. Page walked and stole sec ond. Lee slammed one to Mosel and Shields tore home. Mosel threw high into the crowd at first and Page tallied. Brad called out on strikes. Three runs. Fifth: —Sennen out, Brad to Page. Dela raced for Richards’ high knock and made a great catch. Morse cracked a single to center. Sherburne out, Bush to Page. No runs. Bush called out on strikes. Fan out, .Nelson to Richards. Wag fanned. No runs. Sixth: —Clark was completely mystified by Lee’s curves and took the count. Everson out, Bush to Page. Brown whiffed. No runs. Dela’s fly to right was made the occasion of a nice catch by Brown. Shields swung at three. Lo out, Everson to Richards. No runs. Seventh: —Nelson reached first on Shields’ wild heave. Mosel spoiled a three-base hit by forget ting to touch second when Umpire Keck was looking, but brought Nel son home. Lennen fanned. Rich ards was safe at first on Bush’s wild heave and took second when the ball went into the crowd, but was out at third on an attempted steal. One run. Page was highly indignant over being called out on strikes. Lee also took the count. Brad drew four wide ones, but Bush was fanned. No runs. Eighth: —Morse popped to Lee. Sherburne struck out. Clark out, Lee to Page. No runs. Fan fanned. Wag out, Nelson to Richards. Nelson covered first and Dela was out, Richards to Nel son. No runs. Ninth: —Everson fouled out to Page. Brown whanged a single to left center and Nelson sacrificed him to second. Mosel sent a line drive down back of second that promised to tie the score, but that Bush boy pulled some thrilling ac robatic stuff and the game was history. the score River Falls AB R H PO A E Mosel, ss 5 0 1 1 1 I Sennen, c 4 0 0 15 0 0 Richards, Ist b 4 0 0 4 1 0 Morse, If 4 0 1 0 0 0 Sherburne, 2nd b 8 I 1 I 0 0 Brown, cf-rf 4 o l 8 0 o Clark, cf. -8 00000 Everson. »rd b 4 o l 0 1 0 Fortune, rf. 8 0 l o o o Nelson, p 8 10 18 0 Totals 85 8 0 84 5 I M. S. P. AB R H PO A K Bush., ss. 4 0 0 8 8 1 Lo., rf. 8 0 1 0 0 0 Fan., cf. 4 0 0 0 0 0 Brad., 2nd b 8 0 0 4 1 0 P’ge., Ist b 8 1 0 5 0 0 Wag., c 4 0 1 18 1 0 Dela., If 8 1110 0 S’ds., Brd b 8 118 18 Lee, p 8 0 0 1 8 0 Totals —29 8 4 87 7 4 River Falls -0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 o—B M. S. P... 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 *—B Summary: —Stolen bases: Page. First on errors: River Falls 1; M. S. P.’s 4. Sacrifice hits: Nelson. Two base hits: Shields. Struck out: by Nelson 15; by Lee 12. Bases on balls: off Nelson 2, Hit by pitcher: Sherburne, Dela. Left on bases: Riyer Falls 8; M. S. P. 4. Time of game, 1:30. Umpire, Keck. Adjudicating the famous contro versy, Judge Tuthill, of Chicago, decides for Bacon against Shake peare. Quite natural. Chicago litterateurs never did have much use for Shakespeare as oompared with Bacon —or even .leaf lard. — Judge.