Workmen's advocate., December 06, 1890, Image 1

About Workmen's advocate. (New Haven, Conn.) 1883-1891

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WOBKMO'S
ADVOCATE,
Sixth l)cuv, io. 40
iHcw 1otU, Jaturctatf,- Hcccmluv 13, 1890
ttce 3 tut
OKliAMZKl) LABOR
WEEKLY MEETING OF THE
CENTRAL LABOR FEDERA
TION. A Strictly Itusiness Session (in.id
Work of the Organization Coin
iniltee The Treachery of the ('.
L. I . to ho Exposed at a .Muss
Meeting Victory of Tyiiogrnphia
No. 7.
When Recording Secretary Win
Handler called the C. L. V. to order last
Sunday at ' o'clock there were man,.
delegates absent . lint tuward l o'clock
some 200 were present.
Delegate Geo. 11. MeVey, ilie veteran
Chairman of the United'iano-makers,
held the gavel while delegate Wassniun
of the Box -makers and Sawyers was an
ble Vice (Jliairman.
Afier the minutes of the last session
had been read and adopted, credentials
were presented from the City Toddlers
Union, Carriage and Wagon-makers
ami one new union, the Customer
Dressmakers' Union No. 1 of New York,
and approved.
The Organization Committee reported
being very success! ul in organizing i
verse trades the names of which for a
week or so are to he kept secret for good
reasons As the work of this committee
hud increased to a large extent, it was
decided to add tour more delegates to it,
so that it now consists ot 10 members,
t neso (.eiegai.es were auiieu: Herman,
Bohm, Y aldmgcr and 1 leuniari.
The special committee on mass meet
nig 10 protest, against, juuge vveidem
the ca.-e of the employ t's of baker boss
Edelsteni reported in lavorofa meeting
in the New ioik Mienticrehur H ill, L'tlH
Kast 511th street, onSatunlay, Dicember
(j. It, was further decided to hold a large
mass-meeting down town for the pur
pose of publicly denouncing the t reach
eious action of the Central Labor Union
toward Organized Labor and other is
sues. Delegate Wassinan was deputed
to speak at (he mass meeting next .Sa
turday. Delegate Wal linger here announced
that a benefit for the family of Michael
MeGiath. who has been ly ing sick in a
Brooklyn Hospital for nine months and
whoinN'J was Sargeunt-ai-A rms of the
Federation and always sustained by act
and voice the progressive movement,
would be held on December 20, lsjtlo, at
'H'- Bowery, tickets were 25 cents. The
Sargeant-at-Arins was instructed to sell
as many as possible.
Delegates Stotfers and Waldinger were
instructed to attend the meeting of the
Customers Dressmakers at 203 Browne
street. Nov. !10, and delegates Staffers
and lieu man. that, of the American
Branch of the Architectural Iron Work
ers on Tuesday, Decembers, at Claren
don Hall.
Ale ami Porter Union No. 1 reported
having hail a successful Ball on Nov.
29, and donating $10 to the Piano
Varnishers. Confectioners Union No. 7 reported
that the Amalgamated Brass Workers
No. 1 had advertised that scab concern
of FJeisehmans' Yeast in their Ball Jour
nal and this was referred to the Griev
anee Committee.
The Cerman Waiters' Union reported
that Liberty Hall, East Houston street
near SulTolk street, had discriminated
against union waiters, and had intra
duced pool beer. The Progressive Tai
lors Union No. 11 and the Coat Opera
tors meet there and they will lie notified
to vacate the scab hall. Meanwhile the
Arbitration Committee will have a talk
with the proprietor Mr. Max Schwartz.
Typographical Union No. 7 reported
their settlement with No (i at length,
and it showed that a complete victory
had been won. After No. 7 gets a char
ter from the International Union, no
German compositor can belong to the
English union. Ttie rates and hours of
Union No. 7 will be strictly enforced in
the ihirninij Journal and Das Marge n
Juurnal Otlice, which means the highest
scale of prices paid and eigbt hours per
day.
A majority of the unions reported that
the proprietors of their meeting halls
had joined or would join the Saloon
keepers' Union. The Plush Cap-makers
though reported that proprietor Green
ler; of l.")l Essex street had refused and
the Corresponding Secretary will write
him.
The Credential Committee then re
ported in favor of admitting- delegate
Hohensee of the Architectural Iron
Workers against whom protests had
lieen entered by theOperators andCioak
makers and the United Machinists. Af
ter an aerimonious debate it was de
cided that delegates Jablinowski, yuinn
and Hardford should visit the meetings
of both unions and attempt to amicably
settle the difficulty.
A committee was elected t i visit the
proprietor of the C. L. F. meeting hall
and enquire w hether he belonged lo the
Saloon-keepers' Union.
CENTRAL LABOR UNION.
furniture Win kers' No. 7 Hint ( m i"n
Irrs' No. (ill WltlirirHW I'llnter
ll-iuki In War l'uliit -M ore I ii i v Mc
Neil ( i(liiielli (l to KchIuii 'Hie I lieHtie
llo.vr.it t.
It took the Central Labor Union just
eight hours last Sunday to get over a
lug row and prevent a sudden breaking
up of the rotten old concern. The cause
was the boycott on French's Grand
Opera House, and the men who threat
ened to withdraw in a body were the
carpenters.
Thomas Doyle, of the Cigarrnakcrs'
Progressive Labor Club presided, and
G. W. Middleton was Vice-Chan man.
Preliminary to the row came si nation
from print"!' Hawkes, who wanted the
C. L. U. to apply for a charter from the
American Federation of Labor, in order
to head off the Central Labor Federa
tion, w hich he considered to lie com
posed of "enemies" of organized labor.
But the K. of L. delegates opposed Mr.
Hawkes by stating that Mr. Gompers'
organization w as just as "bad" as the
C. L. F. and that all protests against
'scabs' being admitted to the American
Federation were always thrown into
the waste basket by .Mr. Gompers.
Finally an amendment by delegate
Warner was adopted, referring the
question of asking for a charter to the
affiliated unions for a general vote.
Mr. Hawkes then moved that $100 be
appropriated for the purpose of lobby
ing among the delegates to the Con
vention of the American Federation of
Labor against, the admission of the
delegate of the C. L. F. The motion
as tabled almost unanimously',
A delegation from an alleged Kram
ers' Union was shown the door when it
appeared that they had been organized
by a contractor who wanted to break up
the Board of Walking Delegates.
To a delegation of the hrked-out
morroeeo workers of Lynn, Mass.,
were given, and a committee was ap
pointed to collect further contributions.
Carpenters No. 03, of the United
Brotherhood and Furniture Workers'
Union No. 7 announced their with
drawal, the latter giving as their reason
the raising of the boycott on pool betr.
, Then the report in regard to the strike
of the Balfe Club musicians at French's
Opera House came up. and it contained
a recommendation to request Corre
sponding Secretary W. C. McNeil to
resign for having piayed into the hands
of Mr. French by suppressing letters und
other treacherous actions; also to cen
sure Theodore Moses for neglecting his
duty as a member of the Non Inter
course Committee.
The report was received and McNeil
was asked to resign. John O'Byrne wae
elected to succeed him pro tem.
It was also resolved to declare th it
McNeil was not guilty of a criminal
ollence.
The Balfe Club was requested to with
draw Moses as a delegate, while the
Non Intercourse Committee was ordered
to boycottt French's theatre unless the
discharged members of the Balfe Club
be re instated. During the discussion
of the report, which lasted about five
hours, personality s were indulged in
freely, and when delegate McKim was
speaking Warner interrupted him by
asking the Chairman whether or not a
delegate from a union whose members
refused to strike when ordered to do so
by the C. L. U. could occupy the
tloor. The Chairman answered in the
negative. Immediately McKim and all
the delegates of the carpenters of the
Brotherhood and the Amalgamated As
sociations took their coats, walking to
ward the door. A scrimmage occurred,
but it was of brief duration and when
McKim saw that Middleton assumed
the chairmanship, he said: "If the dele
gate ol the Amalgamated Carpenters
can preside here I may continue lo
speak on the question." Thus a tempo
rary armistice was secured and the
meeting proceeded until the report of
the committee was adopted. But w hen
the body adjourned there were onlv
about 15 to 20 delegates present.
Unanimous for a Daily.
To Bvtij. J. (Jrctm-h, Sec'y., etc.
Comrades: The Dayton Section S.
L. P. at its last meeting discussed the
question of a daily newspaper and every
one present was alive to tne imoortance
of such a powerful lever for the further
uplifting of the party.
the sentiment in the Dayton Section
is unanimous, that immediate stens
should be taken for the establishment ot
a daily English party organ, with the
plant located in New York. And we
would urge every Section throughout
the country to take up the out st ion for
discussion, and one and all of us pledge
our hearty jieeuuiary support for its
success.
We congratulate the Socialist Labor
party of New York for the very encour
aging resint ot the vote for it- State
ticket. With a wise and projer pro
gramme it w ill come out on top before
the close of the Nineteenth Century.
e nave received me tickets tor hair.
and have them near'r all sold: have
f-eut a postal for fifty more.
Chas. Lantz, Agent.
Dayton, O., Nov. 20. K0.
llUGH0.rj-:XTEC()ST
HIS PLATFORM ANALYZED AT
CLUB NO. 3.
Fionoiiiic niiintlers Mental Lame
ness l'.U'ec Is of the Pressure of
the Social (Miestion upon In
drilied Intellects.
Daniel DeLeon delivered last Sunday
a lecture at the club, entitled; "The
Hev. Mr. Pentecost's Platform.'' The
lecturer began by explaining that the
subject was not one of his own choosing.
He considered it as unimportant what
the Rev. Pentecost thought on economics
or political science as what the Rev.
Mr. Jasper thought on astronomy. The
committee, of the club had, however,
suggested the title on the ground that it
might serve as a black background on
which to contrast the ways of light.
Historic facts, the lecturer said, came
by two, and as it had been well shown,
the first event appeared as a seiious, the
second as a farcical reflection of the
same idea. Napoleon the Great aroused
the enthusiasm of his army in Egypt by
saying that from the tops of the pyra
mids in view forty centuries looked down
upon it; the negro general in Hayti
thought likewise, but failed, of course,
lo inspire his troops by imitating Napo
leon and exclaiming to his army that
ltom llm tops of the surrounding trees a
thousand monkes looked down upon
the scene, About a generation ago
William L. Garrison demanded the un
conditional and immediate emancipation
of the negro. Given the subject, the
occasion, the times, and the sturdiness
of the man, and, moreover, the clear
cut nature of the demand, this became
a landmark in history, and was the
serious, sober reflection of a great idea.
The farcical reflection of this was
found in our own days in the Rev. Mr.
Pentecost's "demand'' for the innne.
diateand unconditional emancipation of
"vacant land". Aside from the feature
of the Rev. Mr. Pentecost's Platform,
everything else about it affords an excel
lent opportunity to illustrate the prin
ciples of sociology by contrast.
In the tirst place the "I", the Ego, is
a conspicuous figure in the whole per
formance. The question in the said
platform was not, wdiat did society of
which "I" is but an infinitesimal frac
tion need or want, but what "1" wished.
The isolation, superimposition and ex
clusion of the entity was a type of that
barbarism from which man had evolved.
It became bigger and bigger the further
hack man went in history, smaller and
smaller the further he advanced. Its
size was exactly in inverse ratio with
democracy. The larger it was, the less
democracy; the smaller it was, the
more democracy. On the receding line
of the perspective where the -"I" is big
gest and democracy nillest, there where
no law prevailed and the Anarchist's
paradise grew rankest, man found the
bully or autocrat on top and a herd of
slaves "voluntarily" co-operating in his
sustenance below. The law of human
progress was, however, democratic in
polities, collective in economics; it
abhorred unipersonal arrangements, it
moved away from masses dumb as
cattle, with uo other alternative but
that of seceding or submitting "se
sonmettre on se demettre" as Gauihetta
put it to MacMahon and it evoluted into
social structures where democracy pre
vails, where the view of all found ex
pression, and where the social instinct
approached nearer and nearer to a reali
zation of the maxim that the endeavors
of man must have a social bearing, and
that everything not done for the public
the entire public is only transitory,
and because selfish, reactionary.
The lecturer then took up the several
demands in succession.
"Absolute freedom to think'', was as
nonsensical as to claim freedom to reach
the moon. Man had no such freedom.
Absolute laws controlled his thoughts,
and he had as little "freedom"' to think
(in the sweeping way in which the
phra-e whs used in the platform) as an
acorn had freedom to grow into a bram
ble bush. In another sense, however, the
stress being put upon the word "think",
freedom to Think, was intrinsically
and extrinsically no less of a nonsensical
demand, it being a freedom that no
man had the power, even tho' he had the
inclination, to abridge, unless he com
mined murder and in that way de
stroyed the possibility of thought. "
"Absolute freedom to vacant land''
was economically a fallacy, psychologi
cally an oddity. That 'vacant' land is
riot meant literally as evident from the
fact that the Rev. Mr. Pentecost would
not contemplate the occupation of such
land in Africa. The "va ant" land
mead was land Bituated within the
bounds of civilization. Within those
bounds, there was no such tlimg. All
the labor, science am: ails of the com
munity throughout civilization covered
ex i rv inch of its territory. Freedom to
occupy "vacant" land wa tlieief'oie
nt-.oiher term for freedom to absorb
existing boons of civilization without
gix ing any retUMis,
The demand for "free trade" may, in
political economy, what, in grammar,
would be the assertion thai tie' tirst
personal liionoun should be in nil cases
"me," whereas in fact, according to the
nature of the governing verb, it should
b'ixi' to be "d" home times. Given the
competitive system of production, "pro
tection" meant higher wages, generally
speaking, hut higher prices for necessi
ties; while "free-trade" meant lower
prices for necessities and lower w ages;
thence fool was the xvorkingmim who
gave any thought to either.
"Absolute freedom to issue money"
was the drollest of the planks. An ex
dealer in cast oir clothing wanted to lay
in a stock of ready made new clothing.
He asked the clerk where his note w ould
be acceptable in payment. The clerk
answered "Will your paper sell without
endorsement." "Mine Yrient", replied
the would he buyer, "if 1 could sell my
paper, 1 would not sell dollies." This
man knew from experience w hat money
meant, that it presupposed labor, anil
that as well might one wish to have a
shadow without a substance to throw
it, as money without iubor performed.
Psychologically interesting was the
wording of the plank: Absolute freedom
to "issue", not to produce the value of,
money.
As to freedom from compulsory taxa
tion, it was evident that a continuation
of "taxation" was contemplated. So
ciology, however, showed that the trend
of civilization was towards the total
abolition of the conditions that required
"taxation" at all. "Compulsory" or
"voluntary", the coming age repudiates
taxation as a symbol, perhaps, the most
typical, of a barbaric system.
The lecturer closed with a resume of
the platform of Dr. William Henry Von
Sw art wont, who calls himself Hie presi
dent of the world and declared t he land
and all the capital on earth to be free
and his. He showed the close simu'ei ity
t ic two platforms bore to each other,
and declared that, rather Hum laugh at
the capers of such men, the social re
former should pity them, seeing th;,t
surely nothing but a keen feeling of the
wrongfulness of present society, and the
pressure of the tremendous social qu s
tion upon their minds together with
their lack of systematic si udy could
have so completely cracked their brains
as to cause them to produce such traves
ties of thought.
An interesting debate followed, in
w hich the position taken by the lecturer
w as in the main continued.
Next Sunday E. K. Thomas will de
liver at the chiii a lecture entitled "The
Mormon Gimtnon wealth."
Socialism at the Twilight dub.
The Twilight Club is mainly asportive
dinner club. Its feature, however, is
the speeches made at its close. The
subject is chosen and announced before
hand, and according lo the subject a
different set of members turns up on
each occasion. The subject for discus
sion last week was: "Why are you
afraid of Socialism?" It drew one of the
largest attendances, 1W members; and
these represented all the professional
departments.
John Hwinton was present, and de
livered a picturesque and eloquent little
speech showing the awakening of the
masses to a sense of their true condition
and enormous power Mr. C. Douglas
Field pointed to the fact that those who
oppose Socialism do so either from sheer
ignorance, or from a fear of loss of un
deserved privilege, Mr. S. C. T. Dodd
gave vent to the alliterative sentence,
that the poor should have less poverty
and more pork, more hominy and less
sheol. Mr. George Record dwelt upon
the narrow ing edect upon man of pinch
ing environments. And Abner C.
Thomas, late candidate for City Court
Judge, revealed his keen scent of the
future by pointing to the Farmers' Alli
ance as a sign of the Socialist bent of
our times, and of what is to be effected
in the near future.
There were of course several w ho very
emphatically put their feet dow n upon
Socialism; but by their arguments they
brought themselves ell within the deli
nitidis laid doxvn by Mr. Douglas Field,
at the beginning of the evening.
Both the quality and the quantity of
the brains present were Sooialists or
ready to become such.
The immigration during the month of
October amounted to 4,i?"7 persons
against '.I'JJtii for the same month last
year, and for ten months the arrivals
have leen 427.000 agaitmt 37) 140 for
the same months of 189. These returns
indicate a probable immigration or the
year 190 of not far from half a million
persons.
IN AUSTRALIA.
ACTIVITY OF THE SYDNEY
SOCIALISTS.
Lessons of Ihe Ureal Strike - Progress
i of the World-Wide Coiillicl he
twren Idlers anil Workers True
Labor Papers rounded anil Sits
mined. SYKM'.Y, Oct. ','7. --An important meet
ing i f the members of I he Australian
Socialist League xxas held in the rooms,
5;i;i George street, on Saturday evening
last, W. G. Higgs in the chair. Cor
respondence was read from Mr. March
ant, of Brisbane, soliciting information
which would enable him to form a
branch of the league in Brisbane. Im
portant correspondence was also receiv
ed respecting the -idvisability of bring,
ing forward Socialist candidates at the
next general election. The consideration
of the "statement of principles" of the
league, drawn up by a committee con
sisting of Messrs. A. G, Yexxen, W, 11.
M'Namara, A. M. Filter, J. Rubie, and
W. G. lliggs was proceeded w ith. The
STATEMENT OK 1':IN0,'I1'I.KS,
so far as adopted, declared among other
things, that the capitalist form of society
in which weal present exist, and which
the capitalists would fight lo uphold, is
bused upon class supremacy and class
robbery, maintained by class govern
ment, through the private ownership of
the means of production, distribution,
and exchange. That as the present
system is based upon antagonism ami
injustice, and as lh capitalist class will
only permit the wage earning class to
produce wealth in the form of com
modities for sale, and pay them but
one-third of the wealth so produced us
wages, and take for themselves two
thirds as profits, surplus value, or un
paid labor, the n foresaid mode of pro
duction for pro lit should be superseded
by the national or collective produ lion
ol wealth for use. The following clause
was adopted as one of the means for the
palliation of existing evils: All edticu
Hon, higher as well as elementary, to be
free, secular, compulsory, and industrial
to all alike. The consideration of the
other planks in the practical programme
was deferred to next week. It, was then
decided to send a delegate to Newcastle
for the purpose of forming a branch of
tho league.
On the following day (Sunday), the
Unitarian minister, George Walters
lectured in the morning on
"SELF AMi SOCIETY."
He contrasted individualism with col
lectivism and socialism, and maintained
that history proved that all the progress,
of the past had been in a socialistic
direction. He felt assured all future
advancement would he in a similar
direction. He eulogised Bellamy's
"Looking Backward." Australia, he
said, was more socialistic than any olh r
part of the world, for we had the rail
ways, post otlice, technical colleges,
schools, museums, under governmental
control. He did not see w hy the ship
ping and other industries could not be
similarly placed under collective control.
"LESSONS OF THE ST KIKE"
formed the subject, of the lecture in the
evening by Mr. W. 11. McNamara. The
attendance was large. Mr. McMamara
said there was no doubt we had reached
one of the most tremendous crises that
Australia had ever lieen plunged into,
and it had attracted attention all over
the civilised world. One hundred thous
and men were out of work, and it needed
all the skill, education, and energy of
the leaders to guide the matter to a
successful issue. The principal develop
ments of the strike were detailed by the
lecturer, who maintained we could not
go on for ever fighting Capitalism by
Trades Unionism. Ultimately Socialism
must come and settle the matter. The
attitude of the Free Trade and Protection
(Capitalist) papers showed the need for
an inde)endent press Already Lalstr
had started in Sydney The. .untnilnin
WurknuiH, and in Queensland the
recently-started monthly journal. The
WoiiKEK, was read by over IT), 000 sub
scribers. The latter, he was glad to
say. had no advertisements, giving solid
reading matter throughout. hi this
resiect he wished the Sydney paper had
followed it. The capitalists were not
only tighting labor, hut, like a lot of
hyenas, were waging war in their own
ranks, and the weaker went to the wall,
thus Capital was being concentrated in
a few hands. Through tleir ruinous
competition the worker suffered in re
gard to wages. This sufficed to condemn
production for profit iustesd of for use
only. It was not in one country that
this state of things obtained ; it was
world-wide. Socialism alone could wipe
out this deplorable condition of things,
for it xxas founded on scientific facts,
, and firm was iis moral basis. It was
the friend of humanity. Under it all
would have to work and none would be
overxvorked. Consequently people
would live longer. With its advent
xvoiild cease poverty, prostitution and
crime, ami it would usher in peace,
prosperity and happinness.
I. a non Politics.
The seat in Parliament for West
Sydney having become vacant, the
Trades and Labor Council had nom
inated Mr. P. ,1. Brennan. Some of the
maritime bodies, hovvexer, opposed his
candidature, and on Ihe other hand Mr.
A. (i. Tayl-.r, editor of Truth, persisted
in running against the govern! it can
didate. In view of these complications
Mr. Brennan withdrew. The result was
the eh "lion of Mr. A, G. Taylor by an
overwhelming majority.
Plain Talk.
Here is another preacher who will
soon be sacked by his vestryman. This
time it is the Rev. Howard Henderson
of Cincinnati. In a recent address ho
said:
"People now have no such chance to
groxx' rich as formerly. Machinery and
division of labor is developing men by
confining them to a specialty. Machin ery
has replaced skill. That outrageous
injustice exists which inflicts a chronic
want on millions can not be denied.
If this light is forever to continue, then
human brotherhood is u fiction, and
peace on earth and good will toward
men is a myth, The iiiillenitim is a
Utopia and Christ a chimerical dreamer.
No despotism is so galling as that based
upon human necessities. Few laborers
can now support, a family; they must
take wife and children into partnership
to exist. Little children driven to the
factory, held in ignorance, overworked,
makes a slaughter of Ihe innocents that
shames the paltry cruelty of Herod,
Children are being martyred in mills
and mines. A child in tending a ma
chine walks twenty miles a day. The
lai her can smile on no despotism that
lakes the mother from its babe, the
youth from the school, the crimson
from the blood, and all joy from life,
The needle is bayoneting women. Stitch,
stitch, stilch is a death lick. The hum
of hell, in sinuing spindles, makes dis
mal music. Millstones as necklaces are
about the throats of many millionaires.
Bribery secui ing oppressive monopolies,
millionaires buying their seats m the
Senate, must be rebuked. The purchas
able vote must beovertiirown, or a cor
rupt ballot, will be the winding sheet of
murdered liberty."
The Prohibitory Amendment.
In relation to the proposed ''prohibi
tory amendment" to the constitution of
the State of New York, the Uoi'ce, organ
of the Prohibition movement, says :
' So far as the Amendment in this
State is concerned, we have unhesitat
ingly denounced and proved that its
pretended submission was a political
trick, and we have advised Prohibition
ists, w hen engaging in the campaign, to
do it w ith their eyes open. If Dr. Pack
ard and Chancellor Sims consider that
it is heft to go into it with eyes shut, let
them do so; but we don t reli hthat
style of warfare.
"The facts of the case are simply
these: The legislation which, according
to the Attorney-General of the State, is
necessary for a vote on the Amendment,
has not yet been completed. If it shall
be completed by the next Slate Legisla
ture (which will be Democratic) and ap
proved by Governor Hill, there will un
doubtedly be an election. If either the
Legislature or the (Jovernor refuse to
complete the legislation, there will be
no election. We have no better oppor
tunities for judging than any other per
son has w ho is posted on the facts, but
we give our opinion for w hat it is worth,
and that is that there w ill not be an
election."
While the governments of England
and the United States are wrangling
over line points of international law, the
indiscriminate slaughter of seals is beim?
carried absolutely to the point of exter
mination. By the time an adjudication
is reached, only the shell of the oyster
w ill remain and the seal rookeries will
lie wiped out.
France's public debt is the largest of
any nation in the w orld. According to
a recent budget report the debt amounts
to :iO,:iOO,13.."S-t francs of nominal capi
tal or alxiut 0,000,00(1,000. Estimated
on the basis of actual capital the debt
amounts to 22.8it,0i:,90 francs, or
alsiut f 1,500,000,000 in round humors.
The nominal rate of interest on this debt
is 3.4S per cent, and the actual rate i
4 62 per cent. On the basis of the tirst
nientioned estimate the debt amounts to
over $150 per head of population. This,
we need scarcely say, is very much in
eieess of the burden of debt per capita
-n the United State.