The new era., September 26, 1907, Image 6

About The new era. (Walden, Colo.) 1906-19??

Image provided by: History Colorado

                
Our New Type
of Warship
2ZEIt£W I£<S. cSCOVT' C&UZSGR “dA&ffif.”
The spirit of rivalry between the na
tions of the world In the expensive
same of battleship building has not al
together escaped the United Stales,
and while the great nations of Eu
rope, especially Great Britain, are
launching bigger and swifter and more
powerful ships than ever before, the
United States is not idle. She, too, is
looking with pride and confidence upon
the building of big battleships which
will in every way be the equal if not
the superior of the Dreadnought, the
new type of battleship in England.
But in addition to the construction
of these immense fighting ships, the
navy is at work providing a new type
of fast cruiser which eclipses anything
now afloat in the world. The first of
these warships has just been
launched at Quincy, Mass., and chris
tened the Salem. These boats, be
cause of their speed, will serve as
scout ships. The estimated speed of
the Salem is 24 knots, which is greater
than that of any other cruiser of the
navy, and is exceeded only by that of
the torpedo boats and destroyers; and
while it is a knot less than that of
the English scouts now building, the
difference in speed is more than com
pensated for by the ability to main
tain the high speed in all conditions
of weather, by a coal capacity more
than double that of the English scouts,
mad consequently a greatly increased
radius of action.
The leading characteristics of the
“Salem,” as given by the Scientific
American, are a3 follows: Length
between perpendiculars, 420 feet;
length over all, 423 feet two inches;
breadth, molded, 46 feet eight inches;
draft, fully loaded, 19 feet 1% inches;
depth amldßhip, molded, 36 feet 6 1-16
Inches; displacement, fully loaded,
4,640 tons; displacement on trial,
3,750 tons; draft on trial, 16 feet 9%
Inches; total coal capacity, 1,250
tons; coal on trial, 475 tons; maxi
mum speed, average of four hours'
run, 24 knots; steaming radius at ten
knots per hour, about 6,250 knots;
steaming radius at full speed, about
1,875 knots; maximum brake horse
power, main turbine engines estimat
ed, 16,000; indicated horsepower, aux
iliaries. 400.
The freeboard of the vessel is
greater than that of any other vessel
In the navy, being, at the normal draft,
19 feet 8% inches amidships, 34 feet
at the stem, and 21 feet six inches at
the stern. The high freeboard insures
good sea-going qualities, gives great
range of stability, and provides a safe
and dry vessel under all conditions of
weather. On account of the high free
board it has been possible to provide
commodious quarters for the officers
and crew, well above the waterline. A
forecastle has been provided above
the main deck, for about one-quarter
of the length, and deck houses have
been arranged abaft the forecastle.
Ample subdivision has been made to
Insure the vessel I.eeping afloat with
no serious change of trim or loss of
stability if several of the compart
ments are pierced. In planning the
structural details the greatest care has
been exercised to provide a hull which
shall combine with lightness the
strength and stiffness , necessary to
successfully withstand the severe
shocks which the vessel may be called
upon to undergo, and particular atten
tion has been paid to the longitudinal
strength of the vessel and to the
strength of the watertight bulkheads,
that they may be able to withstand
the pressure due to the flooding of any
compartment and thus avoid endanger
ing the vessel as a whole.
The hull is built of steel through
out; two longitudinal bulkheads are
worked continuously throughout the
engine and boiler spaceq, one on each
side, extending from the bottom of
the vessel to the main deck, and in
clined slightly inboard at the top. In
order to avoid any break in the contin
uity of the strength of the vessel, the
upper and lower strakes of these bulk
beads extend well beyond the limits
of the machinery spaces, forming
large brackets gradually tapered off.
Between these longitudinal bulkheads,
nod extending throughout the boiler
and engine room, an inner bottom is
worked, so that the vessel la well pro
tected from Injury in case of ground
ing.
There are five decks, designed as
forecastle, main, berth, orlop, and plat
form. respectively, the main and berth
decks being continuous from stem to
stisra. Niokel steel protection of 80
pounds per square foot Is worked on
the shell plating for the length of the
machinery space Including the dyna
mo room, extending from about three
Jett four Inches below the waterline to
about nine feet alx inches above,
abreast the boiler rooms. At the for
ward end of the machinery space and
after the dynamo room, partial ath
wartship bulkheads of 40 pounds
nickel steel are fitted, of the same
depth as the adjoining side protection.
Nickel-steel protection is fitted in
wake of the steering engine.
The battery consists of two five-inch
and six 3-inch rapid-fire guns and two
21-inch submerged torpedo tubes.
Two submerged torpedo tubs of the
side-loading type with all necessary
accessories, including air compressors
and accumulators, are installed in the
torpedo room forward, one on each
side. Four torpedoes will be carried
for each tube.
The magazines have been so arrang
ed that abolit half the total supply of
ammunition will be carried at each
end of the vessel, and four ammuni
tion hoists driven by constant Bpeed
motors will deliver ammunition to
the guns. Battle order and range indi
cators will be fitted in accordance
with the usual naval practice.
The engines are Curtis marine tur
bines, 120 Inches diameter, seven-stage
reversible, located in separate com
partments, of a combined brake horse
power of 16,000, arranged for out
board turning propellers when going
ahead. The steam pressure at throttle
valve is 250 pounds, and maximum
revolutions at full power about 350
per minute. The necessary auxiliaries
and accessories will be provided in ac
cordance with the practice of the Bu
reau of Steam Engineering.
There are 12 watertube boilers of
the Fore River “Express” type, placed
in three watertight compartments,
with a total heating surface of 37,080
square feet. The working pressure is
275 pounds per square Inch. The .
steaming capacity will be such that all
the steam machinery can be run at
full power with an average air pres
sure In the flrerooms of five inches of
water. The ‘‘Salem” carries four
smokepipes, each 75 feet high above
the base.
The arrangement of the quarters
provides accommodation for a com
mauding officer, 12 wardroom officers,
five warrant officers, and 340 men.
The quarters for the officers are locat
ed in the after portion of the vessel,
with the usual staterooms, messrooms,
etc., as customary in the naval service.
The amidship and forward portions of
ths vessel are given up to the crew,
with the usual lavatories, dispensary,
sick bay, etc. Quarters for the petty
officers are provided on the orlop deck
forward.
HOT WATER WAS WANTED.
It Took Commands in Three Lan
guages to Bring It.
While touring in Switzerland we de
cid?*i to spend a month or more in the
Bernese Oberlands, in a little hostelry
out of the traveler’s beaten path and
situated high on a ridge under the
shadow of the mighty “Jungfrau.” The
house was full of French and Ger
mans; few of our own countrymen
seemed to have discovered the loveli
ness of this retired place.
We awoke early on the morning
after our arrival, and although it was
late in summer the air was frosty and
the snow glistened on the mountain
sides. ‘‘Do you suppose,” I said, “we
can get hot water in this primitive
place?” My sister touched the old
fashioned bell button near the bed, and
after- i few moments a maid knocked
at the door. She was a neat, stolid
looking individual, in a garb which
seemed a compromise between a na
tive Swiss costume and the more mod
ern uniform of a hotel domestic. I
had no knowledge of the local Swiss
patois; but my French, though Mmited,
might serve.
“Votlez-vou8 —apportez-moi-de. I'eau
cliam, s’ll vous plait?”
My effort was thrown away. The
woman’s face lost not a jot of its
stolidity.
My slater ventured the request in
uncertain German: “Bitte, wollen sie
mir—heise water bringen?”
The maid's face was a blank.
The open door made a draft with
the window. It was cold. I wanted
that hot water, and I lost my temper
at her patient stupidity.
“Can’t you get us some hot water?”
I almost shouted.
The first gleam of intelligence show
ed itself 1 nthe creature’s eye.
“Certainly, miss!” she said. —Detroit
Free Press.
Reasons for Haste.
“Why do you telegraph your con
gratulations on their marriage? A
i letter would do as well.”
“Oh, no. They may be divorced be
fore a letter can reach them.”—Cleve
land Leader.
HORTICULTURE
PRACTICAL BUDDING METHODB.
Some Advice Which May Be Kept for
Next Year's Use.
There are numerous styles of bud
ding, but only the one in the most
common use will
be described here.
Budding Is one of
the most economi
cal forms of artifi
cial reproduction,
and each year
witnesses its more
general use. Some
nurserymen go so
far as to use it as a substitute for all
modes of grafting, save whip grafting,
in the propagation of the dwarf pear.
Budding is economical In the amount
of wood used from which to take buds.
In this method, a single bud does the
work of two or three or more upon
the scion used in grafting. But while
it is economical of wood, it is ex
pensive in the use of stocks, a seedling
being required for each tree, while,
with the piece-roots system of graft
ing, two, three or more stocks can be
made from a single seedling.
The operation of budding is simple,
and can be done with great speed by
expert budders. The expense of the
oneration is, therefore, not more than
Preparing Stock for Bud.
that of whip grafting. The usual plan,
says Oiange Judd Farmer, is for a
man to set the buds with a boy fol
lowing closely to do the tying.
The bud should be taken from wood
of the present season’s growth. Since ,
the work of budding is done during
the season #9 active growth, the bud
sticks are ptepared so that the petiole
or stem of each leaf is left attached
to serve as a handle to aid in pushing
the bud home when inserting it be
neath the bark of the stock. This
is what is usually called a shield bud.
It is cut so that a small portion of
the woody tissue of the branch is re
moved with the bud. The bud stick
and method of cutting is shown in
the accompanying figure by Prof. Cor
bett.
The stock for budding should be at
least as thick as an ordinary lead
pencil. With apple and pear, a second
season’s growth will be necessary to
develop this size, while with peach, a
single season will suffice; hence,
peach stocks can be budded the same
scanon the pits are planted. Conse
quently the peach is left until as late
Budding, Tying and Cutting Top.
in the season as is practicable, to ob
tain stocks of suitable size. The height
at which buds are inserted varies
with the operator. In general, the
nearer the ground the better.
To bud a plant, make a cut for the
reception of the bud in the shape of
a letter T as shown at a. Usually
the crosscut is not quite at right
angles with the body of the tree and
the stem to the T starts at the cross
cut and extends toward the root for
an inch or more. Loosen the flaps
of bark caused by the intersection of
the two cuts as seen at b, with the
ivory heel of the budding knife.
Grasp the bud by the leaf stem as
a handle, insert it under the flaps and
push It firmly in place until its cut
surface is entirely in contact with the
peeled body of the stocks as shown at
a. Tie tightly above and below the bud,
as Indicated at b, to hold it in place
until a union shall be formed. Raffia
or wrapping cotton (ordinary cotton
string) about ten to 12 Inches long,
makes a most convenient tying ma
terial. As soon as the buds have
united with the stock the ligature
should be cut, to prevent girdling the
stock. Thiß done, the operation is com
plete until the following spring. Trees
in which the buds have taken should
have the top cut off just above the bud
as seen at c.
In many of our farmers’ gardens
the ground is not fertilised as highly
os it should be to get the best results
with early vegetables."
OIL STOVES IN HOTBEDS.
A Suggestion Which Will Prove Valu-
I able Next Bpring.
For years, says a writer in Rural
New Yorker, I had a hotbed 15 or 18
feet long to start tomato plants. It
was heated by two one-wick oil
stoves, and was a perfect success
after I found how to manage it. I
will try to tell how one can have an
oil stove hotbed to grow pepper, to
’ mato plants, egg plants and the like
to perfection. The hotbed must be
elevated on blocks of wood high
enough so that a person can get under
; It to care for the lamps; it should be
sheltered from the winds, but not
near enough to any building to cause
danger if the hotbed should get on
fire. In the accompanying diagram A
represents the glass area, B Is a false
bottom made of sheet-iron and rest
ing on iron rods run crossways of the
Diagram of the Hotbed.
hotbed. C is the true bottom, mate
of wood, and distance about six Inches
from the sheet iron bottom; D and E
are small boxes, each big enough to
hold a one-wick oil stove. A two
wick oil stove will make the soil too
hot just above the flame. Each box
is fitted with a door in which are
bored a few holes to admit air. The
dirt is placed on the sheet iron bot
tom to a depth of six inches, the warm
air circulates between the wooden bot
tom and the sheet iron one, but no
fumes from the oil stove ever reach
the interior of the hotbed proper.
The woodwork at the under side of
the hotbed should not be too tight; a
few small cracks should be left, or
there will be no circulation of air lor
the lamps, and they will smoke. I
once showed hotbeds made like tills
to an Englishman, the private gard
ener to a rich man. This gardener
makes his hotbeds by the help of ma
nure. I told him after I got the hang
of my oil stove hotbeds I never had a
failure. He said: “You are, then,
ahead of me, for with all my care my
manure beds are not always a suc
cess, and it is some work to nuke
them.”
TOMATO BLIGHT.
Is Fungus Growth That Begins Attack
in the Beed Bed.
Tomato blight is due to a fungus,
! which attacks the plants for the mo&t
part in the seed bed. This being the
case, there can be no remedy for the
plant after it is once attacked. This
is true, for the reason that the fungus
grows on the inside of the plants and
evidently enters only the rootlets of
young plants. By examining the tls*
sues of a young plant with a micro
scope, the threads of the fungus may
be seen clogging the cells where they
interfere with the passage of food ma
terial. At the present time, then, we
see no hope of ever being able to com
bat this blight successfully in the field.
But we do hope to find a method of
prevention by improving the sanitary
condition of the seed beds. With this
end in view, we believe it will pay to
thoroughly clean and disinfect the
frames or flats in which the seeds ore
planted. This may be done by wash
ing or spraying all of the parts after
the dirt and soil have been removed,
with a strong solutiou of copper sul
phate. Then fresh soil and manure
should be procured, which should also
be sterilized. This can be best done by
steam. This may be done at small
cost by fitting up a small system of
two-inch Iron pipes which are to be
placed in the bottom of a bed made
for the purpose. Three ten or 12 foot
lengths of pipe will be ample, and
small holes must be drilled in them
about six inches apart to allow steam
to escape. The pipes are now placed
parallel to each other and connected
at both ends, so that they are about
18 inches apart. The apparatus
may be connected to a traction engine
or other available source of steam sup
ply. Soil should be filled into the bed
over the pipes to the depth of about
one foot, then the surface covered with
gunny sacks or some similar material.
If steam is turned on for an hour, the
low organisms will be killed, and
plants which will be practically free
from blight should be raised in soil
which has been treated in this man
ner. —W. Paddock.
The Farmer’s Vegetable Garden.
The farmer’s vegetable garden is
growing in popularity with the farm
ers that wish their families to have]
the greatest amount of comforts in
their farm life. A half acre devoted to
this work can be made a constant
source of pleasure, not only on account
of the vegetables it will produce but
also on account of the large amount
of information it will yield up relative
to what treatment of the sqll will give
the best results. Such a garden should
be very heavily manured, so that it
will be always at its best for produc
ing crops. We would put on manure
1 both fall and spring and see that the
manure gets into the soil. Such a gar
-1 den if properly worked can but be
profitable and be a constant source of
| delight.
1 Hogs Better Than Chickens.
Hogs In the orchard to destroy
windfalls are more effective than
> chickens. The latter pick out only
r the soft fruU around the core leaving
l the pest therein, while hogs eat tfed
entire apple, core, worm and all
At the National Capital
Gossip of People end Events
Gathered in Washington
FORESTRY BUREAU RULES
OVER MILLIONS OF ACRES
r ASHINGTON.—The Forestry Bu
reau, which now administers
w
more acres of land than ~,ny other
institution in the world and is the
landlord branch of the Federal Gov
ernment, has Just compiled its report
covering statistics of grazing on the
public lands of the great West The
figures will give some idea of the scale
on which Uncle Sam has gone into the
land business, and are very comfort
ing because of their very size, for if
the existing policy is unmolested the
vast areas of forest and mountain now
embraced in reserves will for all time
be administered In the interest of the
entire people.
There are now more than 156,000,-
000 acres of land in the national for
ests. Grazing Is permitted, but under
strict regulations, made In order that
the grass may not be destroyed by
overfeeding. This, by the way, is
what has caused most of the friction
in the West. Owners of flocks and
herds in that section of the country
for years have been accustomed to
grazing without restrictions of any
kind. Many of them in time came to
look upon the public domain as their
very own, in an important sense, and
they were quick to resent any effort
on the part of the government to con
serve either forest or grazing land.
But this friction is rapidly disappear
ing, as the western people see that
without such conservation the range
and forest in time will be destroyed.
A glance at the regulations govern
ing grazing on the government forests
will give the reader a very good idea
of the government forest policy and
how It is being administered. Stock
men who desire to make use of the
range apply for permits stating the
kind of stock they have, the quantity
of it and the location of the range they
want. The forest officers then proceed
to make allotments, apportioning the
available pasture among the appli
cants on as equitable a basis as prac
ticable.
Sometimes stockmen who live near
forests or have stock near them allow
that stock to drift across lines. If this
is done carelessly or wilfully it is con
sidered trespass and the offender is
subject to a fine and may also be sued
for damages. The number of tres
pass cases last year was 183, of which
163 were settled out of court The
sum collected for these trespasses ag
gregated $5,576. These trespass cases
have been another source of friction
between the government and the
grazers. It is difficult for the west
to realize that, the country now being
thickly populated, it is no longer pos
sible to maintain the old time free
range without destroying that range.
The entire system of permits and fees
is for the purpose of enabling the
government to know that the range
within the reserves is not being over
fed.
TRACTION AUTOS TO BE
USED IN WORK ON CANAL
I RACTION automobiles are the
latest thing for the Panama canal,
T
and their use, according to officials
of the canal in Washington, presages
the doom of the ancient and time
honored railroad velocipede, now used
by track walkers and employes in
charge of switch lights in sparsely
populated communities. It is not be
i yond the realm of probability, in the
opinion of some of them, that the run
i* ning of automobiles on railroad tracks
will become a fad if the railroads will
, stand for it
The purchasing agent of the com
mission has advertised for two such
: machines for use on the railroad
; across the Isthmus of Panama cap
i able of carrying ten persons each and
, able to make a speed of 40 miles an
I hour on a level track with the engine
running at normal speed. The en
gine must be stout enough to climb
, a grade of eight per cent., and to in
i crease their speed to 25 per cent.
. above normal, or, in other words, to
, make 50 miles an hour. The car must
[ burn ordinary stove gasoline and have
a capacity to go 125 miles at full
speed and load. It is the purpose of
‘the commission to place these cars
in the inspection department for the
t use of the chief engineer and his as
f elstants, who now have to rely on
; passing passenger, freight, dirt or
I special trains In Inspecting the work
along the canal.
NEWSPAPERS FAST EATING
UP OUR SPRUCE FORESTS
1 HE rapidity with which the news
paper is eating up the American
T
spruce forests has caused some alarm .
among officials of the government, "
who have been looking Into the thing.
The conversion of spruce timber Into
paper is going on at the rate of 1,766,-
000 feet for every working day in the
year. And most of this timber is cut
in the United States, although a few
wood pulp logs are Imported from
Canada.
During 1905 the newspaper demand
alone consumed 900,000 tons of manu
factured white paper. This was one
third of the output of all the paper
mills In the country. To make it re
quired an army of 15.000 men, who
drew $9,000,000 in wages. The mills
used raw material amounting to 1,300,-
000 cords, representing the cut of
about 100,000 acres.
The present tariff on lumber causes
this enormous drain to fall almost en
tirely upon the forests of the United
States. It has been suggested that
it would be*a wise political and eco
nomic move to remove this lumber
duty, and let the paper mills begin to
eat into the almost limitless forests of
Canada.
Incidentally the price of paper
would drop some, and the paper trust
would not have quite the monopoly on
affairs which it has to-day.
Increased size of newspapers and
magazines is laid by government ex
perts to the introduction of the type
setting machine. In 1890 newspapers
and periodicals averaged 5.7 pages
each, on a basis of weight, and In
1900 6.6 pages; 1905 they came to $.5
pages.
During the 25 years from 1880 to
1905 the number of newspapers and
periodicals of all classes in the United
States practically doubled. During
that time 10,000 publications were
added. During the last decade the
number of morning newspapers in
creased 7.1 per cent., while the num
ber of evening newspapers Increased
11.3 per cent.
During the last 20 years the evening
newspapers have increased more rap
idly than morning newspapers. A
hundred years ago there were 35®
newspapers in the United States, hav
ing an aggregate circulation of 22,-
321,700 copies per annum.
GOVERNMENT TO SUPPRESS
TRAFFIC IN GIRL SLAVES
SYSTEMATIC effort is to be
made by tho bureau of immlgra-
A
tion to put an end to what is popularly
known as “the white slave traffic,”
which, it Is asserted, has been con
ducted, especially in cities ou the
Atlantic seaboard, for a long time.
On recommendation of Robert
VVatchorn, immigration commissioner
at Ellis Island, New York, Miss Helen
M. Bullts has been appointed an im
migration inspector for the particular
purpose of developing information re
garding this traffic. Miss Bullis re
sently has been connected with the
Travelers’ Aid Society, and has done
much work along philanthropic and
sociological lines.
Commissioner Watchorn says that
despite the scrutiny with which im
migrants are examined as their
right to enter the United States many
women of. non-English speaking races
are being Imported for immoral pur
poses. The method by which this is
accomplished is so well devised that
the victims of the importers nearly
always avoid detection by reason of
the thorough coaching they receive
prior to their embarkation for this
country.
Mr. Watchorn suggests that Miss
Bullis is in position to furnish the
department conclusive proof of the
existence of the traffic. This would
enable the immigration officials not
only to deport those who have been
brought unlawfully into the country,
but also to punish those who are re
sponsible for this sort of immigra
tion.
Still Owed for Them.
A couplo of men were chatting in a
club smoking room about a friend and
bis motor. “He seem* to bo very well
satisfied with it,” remarked one.
“Oh, yes. Hadn’t a copper in
repairs all tho mao months he’s had
it, he tells me.” <
“H’m. I heard the same story from
the fellow who’s done all the repair.**