The Palatka news and advertiser. [volume], October 31, 1913, Image 3

About The Palatka news and advertiser. [volume] (Palatka, Fla.) 1908-19??

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The Americans
In Panama
gtory of the Panama Canal
From Start to Finish
By WILLIAM R. SCOTT
Pabllhl by the Statler Publish
ing company. 601 Fifth avenus,
jjer york city.
CoDvrlght, 1912 anfl 1913, by William
R. Scott
(Coutinued from last week)
from tlie bed of Cbagres river. "About
jo per cent of the material pumped is
solid matter, and when It has deposited
the water is pumped off. This opera
tion lias been repeated until an imper
vious heart baa been made in the dam.
Even if water from the lake penetrated
the outside walls of rock and earth it
would find this core water tight The
dam Is nearly half a mile thick at the
hase, 398 feet thick where the water
surface strikes It at eighty-five feet
and is 100 feet, wide at the top. The
outer coverings of rock and earth on
tbe dam clone over the hydraulic core
at the crest For about BOO feet the
dam will be subjected to the full pres
aure of eighty-five feet of wnter, at
other points to a less severe pressure.
Engineers consider the dniu exces
sively 8 fe, and the laymnu lins no dif
ficulty In appreciating Its strength.
About half of the materia! required.
22.ri04.00O ruble yards, has been
lf J'''T-''fefl?jf T p!. ft '
ENTRANCE TO 'MUtATLORES LOCK.
At the right Is shown the track on which the towing locomotives will run.
These locomotives, operated by electricity, will tow vessels through the locks.
brought from the Culebra cut On July
1, 1913, the dam was more than 99 per
cent completed, leaving less than 1 per
cent to be done before tbe passage of
tbe first ship.
On the Pacific side the first dam to
be encountered la at Pedro Miguel and
serves to bold the waters of Gatun
lake at its southern end. It is 1,400
feet long and forty feet wide at the
top. Tbe maximum height of tbe water
against this dam will be forty feet
The plan of construction is much the
en me us at Gatun. but only 1,000,000
cubic yards will be required
After a ship Is lowered thirty feet
by the Pedro Miguel lock It finds it
self in an artificial lake a mile and a
half long. This lake Is formed by two
dams, the one to the west being 2,300
feet long and forty feet wide at tbe
top, holding a maximum bead of wa
ter of forty feet It is constructed with
hydraulic core like the Gatun dam.
On the east a concrete dam BOO feet
long and provided with a spillway, as
at Gatun. and capable of discharging
7.500 cubic feet of water per second
will bold tbe small lake In control
The Cocoll river Is the principal feed
er of this lake.
Records kept by tbe French and by
the Americans since 1904 show con
clusively that enough water always
will be available to keep tbe Gatun
lake and tbe tiny Mirafiores lake ade
quately supplied with water. No trou
blf at all can develop during the eight
month of rainy season, and in the dry
season of four months enough water
will have beeu stored In tbe lake by
means of the regulating works in tbe
Calun dam spillway to allow for all
losses through evaporation, seepage,
power consumption and loss through
the locks. During the wet season the
lake will be raised from elevation 80
for two feet to elevation 87 over an
ren of 104 square miles. This water
could be used until the lake falls to
bout eighty-two feet, or flva feet over
the 1 14 square miles. In an average
dry season this would permit fifty
eight complete transits of tbe canal
every twenty-four hours If the full
1.000 foot capacity of the locks were
used or more than the period would al
low If vessels followed at Intervals of
one hour.
The Catun lake Is backed np among
the hills by the dam nntll It reaches n
ldth of more than twenty miles at
the widest point and s length between
rntun and Tedro Miguel of thirty-two
It will be broken by many
mall Islands and stretches of high
nds and Is narrowest In the Culebra
"it where for nine miles tbe width Is
feet. From GatOn to the entrance
o' the cut a distance of twenty-threa
Mies, lighthouses are stationed at com-
"Wlldin? ruilnta n miMa aMra nli.hr
"he chitnnel throughout to at an aver
Se depth of forty-five feet In order
'ridse the relocated Panama railroad
bove the level of the lake It was nec
fry to make Alls to the extent of
cubic yards.
The navy department has selected
. near Ban Pablo, about twenty
Z ! In'an(, from the Atlantic and
the east side of Gatnn lake, for a
men power wireless station. It Is to
ik" ,n elevation of 110 feet above
If VP, , ,. - L 1 , M
"a'n message for 3.000 miles, to
wnitiwon or to a similar station, on
if tne great unrnn nam should hrpnir
the wnter in tne lake might sweep dev
astntlngly over the city of Colon, seven
miles uway, or puss through the old
bed of the Chagrea river harmlessly
into the Carililii-au sen. Whili. the
pressure on the dam will ho i,.nitic, no
such catastrophe is considered proba
ble. The Cnlun lake Is the largest ar
tificial body of water in the world.
Wrecks or accidents in the lake or
locks will be handled by monster 270
ton Boating cranes.
CHAPTER XII.
The Culebra Cut.
OI'IJI.AI! interest always has
centered chiefly in the excuvu
tlon phase of canal construc
tion, losing sight of the fact
that the locks, dams and breakwaters
cull for mi expenditure of $.S.Vt;s.(HI0
The Culebra cut lias hcen exploited
more than any other feature' of the
canal, yet it was estimated to cost
SS0.4NI.OUii. or ic.-i.liiin.iicu less than the
features just enumerated. ICven the
dredging of til'iecn miles of sea level
channel has received little publicity,
and this was to cost no less than $;J0.
00ii.ono
Thc'Viilebrn cut is nine miles long.
Willi a curve for nearly every mile.
At these curves Hie cut is widened to
permit Hie .-liips to pass easily. Al
ways the chiel piolilem has heen one
of tnin-'poriaiioii. or how to keep empty
cars in from of the sieani shovels con
stantly, in a ' anyon only Will feet wide.
Ill a woi kiuu day ol eiglit hours it has
been found possible to keep the steam
shovels working only ahoiit six hours
because of this circiiiiiscrilicd Held of
operations '
,alurally Hie seventy-live miles of
track in the rulehra cut must be
shifted constantly as '.lie excavation
work carries the levels down, This
kept .the. truck shifters and hundreds
i. 4
of men at work day and night. During
the maximum operations in the cut
0,000 men were employed in the day
time, while at night 4im men worked
to keep the stonm shovels In repair, to
replenish their coal hius. blast more
material for the shovels and otherwise
to get the cut in shape lor the next
rinr's nntlvllles.
Almur lim immiOO enhle rnrrts were to
be removed to complete this part of
the canal, or practically naif me lota i
excavation On .Inly 1. 1II13. the begin
ning of Hie Inst y of work, there
were Ii.lHIO.lXiO yards left to be re
moved For the whole length nf the cut the
average depth from Hie surface to tbe
proposed bottom of the canal was about
120 feet, tlie highest point on tbe cen
ter line of tlie canal being nt Culebra.
between Cold and Contractor's bills,
where excavation has gone down ".'"'i.
feet. After the soil had been removed
for a short depth solid rock was struck,
and to .Ian. I. 10US. iVUiOI.UiO pounds
of dynamite were used in blasting, or
tlie staggering total of 2".'J.Y? .uiis.
The lay mind thinks of a pound of dy
namite as impressive, but its use In
tbe canal work has beeu bewllderingly
heavy.
Most of tbe explosive hns been used
In the Culebra cut. It Is estimated
that a pound of dynamite will break
up 2.14 cubic yards of rock and earth,
and as much as twenty-six tons have
been set off In one blast In tbe canal.
Stringent rules have prevailed to pre
vent accidents, and. whih deaths from
tills cause have run Into the hundreds,
the handling of this amount of dyna
mite has been distinguished for the
small number of fatalities The largest
single shipment of dynamite to 1'an
ama was SHi tons, received on .lime 27.
1911. without an accident in loading or
unloading from Hie steamer.
All through the day drills operated
by compressed air bored Into the rock
In the cut for twenty-four feet A
small charge of powder was set ofr at
the bottom of these holes to enlarge
them for the real charge of as much,
as 200 pounds Then after the men
hart quit f"r the noon hour or after 5
o'clock In tlie afternoon the charges
were set off by electric current. Many
persons have been killed by being
struck by rocks hurled long distances
In these blasts The next morning the
steam shovels found plenty of food for
their hungry jaws, which bit olT four
or five cubic yards at a dip. swung
around and dropped the six or seven
tons uiHin the cars Frequently they
lifted rocks so heavy tt the cars
were broken
From loO to 17o trains a day loaded
with excavated materials left the Cnle
bra cut for tbe dumps A great deal
went to build tbe mighty iatun dam;
much has been used in reclaiming near
ly 4(H) acres from the wean nt Itnlhon.
the Pacific terminal: the new Panama
runroaa reguireu minions or .varus in
making tills, and the breakwater at
Balboa also took a considerable
amount. What could not lie usefully
employed was wasted on dumps. The
average haul from the cut has beeu
twelve miles, but as much as thirty
miles wus traveled by some of the dirt
trains. Twenty Hat cam constituted a
train, and one car could be hauled by
a shovel lu two and a liulf minutes, or
with seven acoopfulsof earth and rock.
'teDlhe train Silt to jhejiump au
unloading ,n,v Was 'drawn byTTsteel
table over Hie fiat cars, sweeping the
material off Hie side which was open,
Then spreaders were pushed over the
truck to show the material to one side
und down the embankment. Track
shifters later came 'along and moved
the track over to the edge of tile till.
Between l.iin:i.iiiiii and l.."iiiil.i:iln yards
went ait of he Culebra rut every
month since I leceniher. Kin".
The employees were carried from
the various towns to their work in the
cut or on the locks and dams by labor
trains. Those trains took them to their
homes or the hotels for the noon meal.
consuming from ten minutes to half
an hour in Hie journey. But as the
rest period at noon was for two hours
in the canal zone ample time for eat
ing was allowed,
lu the inoiitb of March. I'.lliO. more
dirt was taken out than in tlie first
twenty-two months of operations. The
excavation in one mouth usuallv ex
ccrd ei I an amount equal to the pyra
mid of Cheops, which is 7."n feet
sq e and -J.U feet high. The canal
force of I ! K i! i. I'.ilti and liill would
have dug and finished tlie Sue, canal
March, 1111 1, retains Hie record for the
greatest excavation in Hie cut. when
I.72.S.74S yards were removed, anil this
also is the record mouth for excava
tiou for the whole canal. Willi a total
removal of .'(.."27.44:1 yards. The aver
age dally output of steam shovels rose
from "illlI yards in l!l."i. when only dirt
was handled, to l.nuo yards in. 11111.
when rock predominated. The cost in
the central division has ranged from
10 cents a yard to 01 cents a yard,
with an average of 01 cents, from 1904
to 1!Kl and fell to r.1 cents In 1911-12.
liuliis Interfeired with the excava
tion work In the cut. reducing tlie out
put In the rainy season several hundred
thousand yards a mouth. During the
downpours operations were suspended,!
but I lie cut was dug at a slant on belli
sides of Hie mountain system, so thai
water was drained out of It by grav ity,
running out at both ends. Itiver?
which crossed the line of the canal
were diverted by digging new clian
uels for them.
Almost at tlie wlndup of operations
the canal diggers made the highest rec
ords for excavation. On April 11, 1912.
forty-four steam shovels took out OH,
WIS yards In tbe cut which Is the rec
ord for one day in that division
Steam shovel No. 2.7T working at Ca
tun took out D.."w4 yards lu one day.
the highest record in the canal zone
for one shovel, the date being May 2.
1912. and In August. 1912. the same
shovel made a record by removing 8i'v
R4I yards In twenty-six working days.
That tmrt of tlie central division
which Is little mentioned extends from I
the (intuii locks to the entrance of thoj
Culebra cut. about twenty-three miles.
Only about I2.400.00U yards had to bej
excavated to complete this channel, as j
It follows the Cbngres river valley
from about sea level to Bohlo; then
the level rises until it reaches forty-1
eiglit feet above sea level at the cut, I
From Catun to Obispo the Cbngres
crossed the line of the canal twenty-1
lliree times. In the same distance the.
Cbngres river has twenty-six tributa-1
rles. the more Important ones being tlie
lialuii and Trinidad rivers. Ail con
tribute to Hie great (iatuu lake.
Tlie slides, which have been accu
rately and Inaccurately exploited In
Hie press, represented the steep sides
of Hie Culebra cut breaking off nnd
falling down into tlie excavated part.
Even where tlie cut lias been sunk
through solid rock these slides occur
red, as tbe rock formations of Hie
isthmus nre brittle and dissolve to dust
after exposure to the atmosphere. An
attempt was made to prevent slides by
plastering the sides of tbe cut with
concrete, but the experiments were
futile. There were between fifteen
and twenty important slides on both
sides of the ulue mile cut. the largest
being on the west side of the canal
near the town of Culebra and embrac
ing sixty-three acres. Around the
towns of Culebra and Empire were
many smaller slides that gave much
trouble to the engineers. Steam shov
els, locomotives nnd Hat cars have been
caught In these slides, but. singularly,
few lives have been lost.
Sometimes the pressure on the sides
of the canal operated to make the earth
bulge up In the bottom of the cut Di
vision Engineer Gntlhird devised the
plan of terracing the sides of the cut
to relieve this pressure, with tbe result
that much extraneous material has
been prevented from sliding Into the
cut. Engineers who formerly, stood
stanelily for tbe sea level type of ca
nal after seeing the slides of tlie pres
ent eighty-five foot level lock type
were forced to admit that the attempt
to sink a cut 'through the isthmus for
a sea level channel would be attended
by such prodigious earth movements,
nlressitntlng such an Inestimable ad
ditional excavation, as to make It well
nigh Impossible. For a sen level canal
the fiilehrn cut would have to Co
WISHED SHE
COULD DIE
And Be Free From Her Troubles,
but Finds Better Way.
Columbia, Tenn. "Many a lime,"
says Mrs. Jessie Sharp, of this place.
"I wished I would die and be relieved
nf mv Kufferinc from womanly troubles.
1 could not get up, without pulling at
SOmcming IU ncip iuc, anu ujvm hi
most of the time. 1 could not do my
housework.
The least amount of work tired me
out. My head would swim, and I would .
tremble for an hour or more. Finally, I
took Cardui, the woman's tonic, and I .
am not bothered with pains any more,
I I j 1 . nf. UaA In i irt t
anu I UOI1 I nave lu u iw wvu. "-,
1 am sound and well of all my troubles.
Cardui goes to all the weak spots and
helps to make them strong. It acts with
nature not against her. It is for the
bred, nervous, irritable women, who feel
as if everything were wrong, and need
something to quiet their nerves and
strengthen the worn-out system.
If you are a woman, suffering from any
of the numerous symptoms of womanly
trouble, take Cardui. It will help you.
At all druggists.
WrHtU? ChttanoofB Mwlidns Co.. LadleV
TrtMnwnt ter Www, In w unesm. N-0-
eighty-five feet deeper" than In tie
present plan, which would require both
a wider bottom and Indefinitely wider
surface opening, nnd then tbe slides
would be immeasurably greater than
at present. 'The best year's work In
tlie Culebra cut was 10,58fi,S91 yards.
Slides first nnd Inst have added more
than thnt amount to the total estimate
of excavation for the division. Yet the
increase In efficiency of the organisa
tion lias ennbled the workers to handle
the extra amount within tbe time and
cost estimated for taking out the orig
inal yardage.
Three methods of excavation have
been employed in digging the seven
miles of sea level channel on the At
lantic side and the eight miles of sim
ilar channel on the rnciflc side. Steam
shovels dug down on the Atlantic side
to forty feet below sea level with great
dikes to hold out the water, and dredges
have done tlie remainder of the exca
vating. On the Pacific side. In addi
tion to dredges nnd shovels, the hy
draulic method has been used. This
method consists of playing a powerful
stream of water on the earth nnd drain
ing tlie water with the soil in a fluid
state to a selected dump which has
been boarded, the water being drained
oil' when tlie mud has deposited. Tbe
Atlantic entrance required an excava
tion of 47.o2.'l.(K10 cubic yards and the
Pacific entrance fi8.2S7.0OO yards.
It is planned to take the great dredge
Coro.al through tlie channel and locks
up into the Culebra cut for the work
of handling slides and silt after the
water Is turned Into the cut
Terminal works nt Balboa requiring
more than 8,000.000 yards excavation
and finishing details of the canal chan
nel proper will bring the total excava
tion by March, 1914, when the canal
is expected to be lu regular commer
cial use, to 221.000,000 cubic yards. .
Ill tbe late spring of 1912 the press
in the United States exploited the dls
covery of volcanic formations in the
bottom of the Culebra cut. The engi
neers have not been alarmed by these
vaporous emissions, which were caus
ed, according to tbe commission geol
ogist, by the warm atmospheric effect
upon pyrite material.
CHAPTER XIII
Labor,
AN FRANCISCO'S exposition in
1915. celebrating the formal
opening of the Panama canal,
will be the most truly interna
tioual exposition ever held In this
country or any other.
Not only Is the object of the exposi
tion International In Interest, but there
is not a natlon'under the sun, possibly,
which has not contributed some of Its
citizens to the construction force of
the canal. In the census of the canal
zone taken in February, 1912, forty
nationalities nre listed.
At the beginning of tbe American
occupation, in 1904, there were 74e
men employed on the canal. Accord
ing to the quartermaster's department
tlie highest force of record since then
was in April. 1913. when tbe payrolls
showed 44,0(11 employees.
The percentage of Americans In the
total working force usually has been
i one-sixth or oue seveuth. Their work
is of a supervisory character, or
skilled labor, such as mechanics, car
peuters, plumbers, unisons, electricians,
etc. They also are the steam shovel,
locomotive and marine engineers, rail
road conductors, time inspectors, fire
men, policemen, all branches of civil
administration, office forces, sanitary
nnd hospital officers, foremen, civil en
gineers, and the like.
La borers did not come to the canal
zone In sufficient numbers during the
early years, necessitating recruiting
offices In Europe, the West Indies nnd
tlie United States. A total of 43,000
men were Imported under contract
with the commission from 1904 to
1910.
Spain furnished the largest number
of Europcau laborers to the canal un
til the government of that country In
1908 forbid further emigration to Pan
ama. Out of a total of 11,797 Euro
pean laborers imported to 1910, 8,222
were Spaniards, and tbe others came
principally from Italy. France and Ar
menia.
The colored labor predominates In
the canal zone nnd was obtained In the
islands of the West Indies. Barbados
furnished the largest number. 19.448
The largest Immigration for one year
was in 1907, when 14,042 laborers were
Imported.
The color line has beeu drawn In the
canal zone by dividing the employees
into "gold" and "silver" men. lu the
first category are the Americans and
in the second the common mid unskill
ed laborers. Wages are paid In silver
to the laborers, and salaries to the
Americans are paid in gold. This dis
tinction Is not a hard and fast one.
and tbe idea was adopted as the best
means for the government to draw the
color line. Second class coaches are
provided on the trains, special win
dows in the iostotlices, special clerks
lu the commissary and separate eating
pliwos for tlie silver employees.
Many labor saving devices have
been born of necessity in the canal
zone. The honor for Inventing the
greatest of these belongs to W. O.
Bierd. formerly general manager of the
Panama railroad nnd the man vvho
most largely was responsible for bring
lug that archaic system from chaos
to order under Chief Engineer Ste
vens, lie originated a track shifter
which does the work of fiOO men lu
one day and requires only ulne men to
operate It.
Strikes have never been successful In
tllecnnll' ,np ln 1no4 President Hoose-
velt gave the commission the power to
expel anybody from the canal tone
who. In Its discretion, was not neces
sary to tlie work of building the canal
or wns objectionable for any reason.
No such power resides In any Ameri
can state executive, but the supreme
court held thnt the canal tone was
not under the constitution and was
subject to the regulation of a military
reservation.
Tbe canal employees are the most
pamiiereil set of workers In the world
an eight hour day with a two hour In
termission at noon, first class board
cheaper than In the United States, free
quarters, free medical service on full
pay. nine holidays on pay, reduced
railroad rates, wages and salaries from
30 to 80 per cent nigUer tbau lu tu
fulled States, an annual vacation of
fnrtv-two days on full pay for gold em-
i
sn1 t Ha naAqaaarua Qt lua ui
Comfort should be the supreme word in every
home. Comfort creates happiness and content
ment. Here is our mind's picture of comfort:
The shadows of evening have stolen across the sky ; the day's
work is over; the door is closed against the chill night air;
the family, is seated before a cracklingpine fire in the big fire
place; the glow of the fire on the faces reveals a picture of com
.fort and happiness; they feel at peace with the world.
The fireplace plays a leading part in "Home Comfort." It
should be attractively fitted. The influence of the fireplace upon the
comfort of every member of the family makes the selection of the
proper fixtures imperative. Make them ornamental as well as useful.
This week we will have an interesting display of
ANDIRONS
AND
WOOD HEATERS
It is very important that you should see these.
Our beautifully decorated windows have created considerable com
ment heretofore, so this week our artist is going to outdo himself in
putting in a display of home comfort goods.
THE TILGHMAN HARDWARE CO.
" THE STORE OF COURTESY AND PROMPT ATTENTION."
PHONE 28. PALATKA, FLA.
sale nt lower prices in the government
commissary than In tlie United Stntes.
No one realizes how generous tbi"
government has been to its employees
at Panama more than the employee
who leaves the service to return - to
work In the United Stntes. Over und
over again such employees have re
turned to the canal zone to take work
at wages or salaries less than they
were receiving when they quit. One
foreman drawing $2."p0 a month In Pan
ama decided he could do as well at
home. In il year lie returned to tlie
cunnl zone and gladly tool; a position
at 115 cents nil hour, or about $132 a
month. Tlie cost of living and stand
ard of pay In tile United States made
biiu repent bis action.
Any employee on a monthly salary
basis may take eighty-one days oil at
full pay in every year, tie has a va
cntiou of forty-two days on pay. a sick
leave of thirty days on pay and nine
holidays on pay. a total of eighty-one
days that the government voluntarily
deprives itself of the employee's erv
Ices." The sick leave, too, is pietty
generally i: sod up by the employees,
vvho have little trouble in persuading a
district physician they need a rest at
Taboga sanitarium or ""A neon hospital
Itjs apnarent thMbevorntuont has
10 Great, Fat, Juicy Turkeys
will be given away ABSOLUTELY
FREE for your Christmas dinner.
A tjeket will be given free with each dollar's worth of
goods bought of us beginning Nov. 1st and continuing until
Christmas. The more you buy the more tickets you get.
We are selling many things you ought to have for your
holiday presents.
Our store is almost
Shirts, Suits, etc.
trick. You are not
article we sell is
uivestnl some of lis mfdionsTn it way
no private contractor could follow, e
cept into bankruptcy. If an employee
does not take his vacation one year he
can ncciiniulate It for the next year
and so get eighty-four days nt full pay.
and bis trip to the United States will
cost him only $20 or $30 a one way
passage.
Pay days until Oct. 1. 1907, were
semimonthly. Since then monthly pay
days have been the custom. Tlie dls.
bursement office at Empire is a great
hank, handling nearly $3,000,000 a
month. Payments for wages have In
creased from ftunn.ooo monthly In
1905 to nearly $2,000,000 a mouth as a
maximum in 1910-11-12.
Silver employees or common laborers
earn r. 7. 10. 13. HI. HO and "J.r cents an
hour, with a few exceptions nt 32 nud
41 cents an hour, and a maximum
monthly silver rate of $7r
Cold employees, which Includes all
tlie Americans, are paid imm a mlul
mum ol' Yfi monthly to a maximum c,
$000 monthly, not Including In till
classification heads of departmenu
Colonel (ioethals, as chairman am
chief engineer and president of tin
Panama railroad company, receive
$21,000 niinually; Hie other member,
of Hie com mission. $14,000 annua I'v
Shoes, Shirts, Sweaters,
Collars, Ties, Hose, Etc.
SUITS, tailored to fit
your form ;FINCK'S De
troit Special Overalls
wear like a pig's nose,
They are Union Made.
a department store. We are selling so many Hose, Ties,
it's the price and quality combination that is doing the
buying ordinary merchandise when you buy here; every
warranted to fully satisfy. It's our risk, not yours.
's Shoe
clerks, f rom " $75 to "$250 "monthly:
draftsmen. $100 to $250; engineers, as
sistant, special and designing. $225 to
$000; foremen. $75 to $275; inspectors.
$75 to $250: marine masters, $140 to
$225; muster mechanic. $225 to $275;
physieinus. $150 to $300; district quar
termasters. $150 to $225; hotel steward.
$00 to $175; storekeepers. $00 to $225;
superintendents. $175 to $583.33; su
pervisors. $200 to $250; teachers. $00
to $110: trainmaster, $200 to $275;
vardmnster, $190 to $210; nurses,- $00
to $150; iMdicemen, $80 to $107.50; mas
ter car builder, $225; Are department
privates, $100; traveling engineer,
$250; accountants. $175 to $250; musi
cal director. $100.07; mates. $100 to
$175; postmasters, $50 to $137 50.
v Tlie riiual was estimated to cost
$375,000,000. Out of that amount the
part which had gone Into wages and
salaries to June 30. 1913. was npproxi
mutely $135,000,000. By the time the
canal is finished nnd opened for per
manent use. In 1014, this Item will
reach the startling total of $150,000.
000. From 20 .to 25 per cent of It has
gone Into salaries of officers aud Biiper
vtsorv employees, and from 75 to 80
(Continued on Page 5.)
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