THE FARMER AND MECHANIC.
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THE NATIONAL GUARD
WHAT IT MEANS AND HOW IT WAS VIEWED
BY WASHINGTON, ADAMS AND JEFFER
SON WHAT WOODROW WILSON
THINKS OF IT
,11, V. A. K.UK, Commanding Troop A, Xorth Carolina Cavalry,
National Guard.)
HE WORK OF THE SOUTHERN
ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE WOMEN
To Inculcate Proper Educational Ideals Point Out to
nigh School Girls What They Should Take Into Con
sideration in Choosing a College
(Address of Miss Elizabeth Avery
Coltoa, President Southern Associa-
.mparatively few people seem to
il'ue that the organized militia, now
.lied the National Guard, is intended
:,rt in connection with the regular
of the country effi-
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fc-n.y in forming the first line cf de
fer.se, in case of war. That it will be
Tod into action along with the re
gulars. That volunteers will be called
f after the National . Guard has
tnKf n the ield with the regular army
:iru! that it will require months to
i l ire the volunteers on a war footing.
L'ght liorse xiarry iee saia: xaai
nut ion is a murderer of its people who
i-mkIs them unprepared and untrained
if; meet in war men mechanized and
. ijillned by training."
The present strength "of the regular
. i ; r; v will allow only 30,000 men for
riH'lUie army u.nu uic ui &iiiiz.eu
litia is relied on to furnish the
ironed men to augment the regular
force until volunteers can be made
ready. The organized militia now
numbers approximately 120.000 of
i.r rs and men. That is the paper
.strength. It is estimated, by compe
tf -.t authorities, that only 60,000
MiiM he available and that it would
if quire at least 30 days to concentrate
;'.(. regulars and 60,000 militia.
.v'.tUm wars come suddenly, and
in the event of trouble with a highly
i: -tined military power we would be
::' mat disadvantage. The oceans,
im .- a barrier, now orrer the choice
! -alf v hundred highways by which
a i :t e ass power could land a luily
-juipped and thoroughly trained ad
v:,i"v force of 200,000 men within a
w.-ek. or ten days. To oppose this it
w-uld push the United States? to con-
of 90,000 regulars
given point within
These are cold facts, which
at?
th
tr;
eturate our force
militia, at any
;'' davs.
M. war office of every civilized nation
Mk.ws down to the minutest detail
ii..!.. r 1 -
Oi III n in nvanmas.
uno of the greatest weaknesses of
National Guard is the indifference
t I. i k of interest on the part of
tuihli?. In some communities this
difference amounts to actual ani
iity. The people do not seem to
t'izt that the organized militia is
;. m .st important factor in the scheme
f national defense.
Absorption in business, matters of
I- . ,1 ititerest, the spread of the senti
ii.. -in fur universal peace and the idea
th.t the I'nited States will never he
roine involved in another war are
1 ir ly responsible for this lack of in
tt-t. Joined to these are the lm
lh.'M.' hatred of the Industrial
r.s of the "World, the opposition
ci the anarchists and a considerable
1' tii t.f organized labor.
Untitled to Support.
t: view of the fact that, under the
Constitution, every
in every community
the militia, and as
i h subject to the performance o
military service it would seem that
tl.- few who do perform the necessary
H-rviee should receive the hearty
m..iai and Dhvsical suDPort of those
are not so engaged.
"'.tiiM' the policy and traditions of
our jovernment are unalterably op-
r'V.crs of the
1. 1 1 - t'odied man
i a member of
1 d to a large standing army and
n-liunce in time of trouble is placed
:M m the citizen soldiery, perhaps it
he well to recall the views of
-on.e of our deepest thinkers and
trt-at.'st men.
Washington's Words,
ii 1793, when his administration,
ii i siring to maintain neutrality be
tween France and England and the
allies of that period, was resisting the
i'-irn-SNions of the belligerents upon
' 'ir national rights. President Wash
ington made this declaration to Con
gress: "There is a rank due to the
' 'iited States among nations which
bp withheld, if not absolutely lost
v the reputation of weakness.
"If we desire to avoid insult we
must be able to repeal it.
"If we desire to secure peace one
of the most powerful instruments of
our prosperity it must be known
that we are at all times ready for
war."
"I cannot recommend to your notice
measures for the fulfilment of our
(lull c-c in. V.. Vn wnrlH TiJ i t Vl
... . V n v 1 Cob Jl . Lt nviiv
out again pressing upon you the ne
eossity of placing ourselves in a con
onion of comDlete defense and oi
'Xactintr from them the fulfilment of
their duties toward us. The United
states ought not to indulge a persua
sion that, rontrarv to the order of
human events, they will forever keep
at a distance those painful appeals to
arms with which the history of every
"ther nation abounds."
What Adams Said
From President Adams' special
message: "With a view and as a
measure which even in time of uni
versal peace ought not to be neglect-
dt I recommend to your considera
"on a revision of the laws for orga
nizing, arming, and discipling the
militia, to render that natural and
safe defense
cacious."
From his second annual message
".' se aeanng with the relations
with France): "But in demonstrat
ing uy our conduct that we do not
1Cdr Wdr. m -ne necessary protection
vjj. mr ngnts and honor, we should
gave no room to infer that we aban
uon the desire of peace."
Thomas Jefferson.
-cur.ir.ua in nig mm. annual mes
sage advocated: "The organization of
-uu,vut ame-Dodied men between th
ages of 15 and 26 for offense or de
fense at any time or at any place
here they may be wanted."
In a letter to Monroe he advocated
compulsory service. "We must train
and classify the whole of our male
citizens," said he, "and make military
instruction a part of collegiate edu
cation. Wre can never be safe until
this is done."
From his eighth annual message:
"If war be forced upon us in spite of
our long and vain appeals to the
justice of nations, rapid and vigor
ous movement at the outset will srn
far toward securing us in its course
and issue, and toward throwing its
burdens on those who render neces
sary the resort from reason to force.
Considering the conditions of the
times in which we live, our attention
should unremittingly be fixed on the
safety of our country. For a people
who are free, and who mean to re
main so, a well organized and armed
militia is their best security."
President Wilson:
"It will be right enough, right
American policy, based upon our a-
customed principles and practices.
to provide a system by which every
citizen who will volunteer for the
training "may be ma3e familiar with
the use of modern arms, the rudi
ments of drill and maneuver, and
the maintenance and sanitation of
camps.
We should encourage such train
ing ana make it a means or discip
line which our young men will learn
to valua It is right that we should
provide it not only, but that we
should make it as attractive as pos
sible, and so induce our young men
to undergo it at such times as they
can aemana a little rreedom and can
seek the physical development they
need, for mere health's sake, if for
nothing more."
The wise, experienced, able states
men who founded and established
the United States government were
masters of the principles of civil lib
erty and national independence.
Duty of Employers.
The militia needs the strongest
support of the public, and especially
the active support of those in whose
employment are officers and men of
tho militia; support of a practical
kind which will make it possible for
them to give the necessary time to
their military training without pre
judice to their business or profes
sional careers.
Ilave Military Obligations.
Every American boy snould be im
pressed with the fact that he has an
obligation to the State, from the
military side, quite as binding upon
him as his obligations from the civil
side, and that obligation is that he
should do everything possible to
prepare himself to render efficient
service as a soioier m time or war,
and the State on its side should ex
tend to him every opportunity to so
prepare himself. The consciousness
of this obligation will make our men j
more valuable as citizens, will give
them a higher sense of responsibili
ty toward the State, ana win make
them more conservative with refer
ence to war, as they will appreciate
fully that if war devolves upon them
it is an obligation which they must
fulfill.
The time has come ror us to ap
preciate patriotism in the American
heart. America has the best possi
sible material from which to build
soldiers and appreciation on the part
of fellow citizens, thorough organiza
tion and proper training will result
in absolute security for those institu
tions we so dearly love.
delivered
at one of
meeting.)
work and
lion of College Women,
Thursday ecening, April 22
the sessions of the annual
By outlining briefly the
aims of the Southern Association of
College Women, I hope to suggest
ways in which all intelligent women.
whether members of our association
or not can help us inculcate proper
educational ideals; for that has been
our leading aim since our organiza
tion twelve years ago.
Our membership is necessary limit
ed to graduates of standard college
tnougn we realize iuny that many
women who have not been to college
have acquired by inheritance, a.ssocia
tion, private study, and experience an
education more valuable than that
which a college course alone could
give. But though only college women
are included among our members, in
order to do our most effective work
we need ail southern women to co
operate with us.
As there are only thirty-one col
leges in the South recognized by th
Association of Colleges and Secondary
fccnoois oi tne boutnern states, and as
only twenty of these admit women
our membership is small. The six
standard colleges for women- Agnes
Scott, Converse, Goucher, Rand61ph
Macon, Sophie Newcomb, and West
hampton furnished us according to
o'ur last report a total or one hundred
and thirty (130) members; our nine
standard state universities admitting
women Alabama, Kentucky, Louisi
ana. Mississippi, Wisconsin, North
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and West
Virginia furnished only fcixty :-vven
fiiul of our six standard uon-t
tax supported co-educational institu
tions on'y Trinity' and Vand n oilt
have, as yet supplied us with my
n embers, the others Baylor, Chat
tanooga., lloie and Southern I ni
versity having only recentl l-oen
recognizee" by the outhern Coll -r j s
scciation. Fully half of oik' i ".em
bers, therefore, are gradu-uey - cf
northern and western colleges; but
each yea; we are evpecting larger ' d
larter recruits from our So'itneoii
colleges.
We have twenty-three brunches
distributed as follows: one, en-li, in
Maryland Virginia, South CiroH.ia,
Georgia and Kentucky; two m
I. niisana and in Texas; three in Aia
baira an! in Tennessee, and seven
m North Carolina. Kadi br.-xnoh :ne-s
to make a study of 'coal c.r idr.ions
and to ai ' in whatever ret'Oivn-5 are
most needed in its community. j or
examnle. the Georgia Branch was
instrumental last j'ear in securing the
passage of a bill for an industrial re
form school for girls: and the J' YNile
tioned have been recognized vs stand
ard colleges, wo try to inform pros
pective college girls of the exact
character and standine of all the
others. We explain that normal
schools and finishine: srhools have n
worthy a function as that of real
colleges, but that they are not col
leges. If a girl wiht-s training in
methods of teaching and cannot take
the time for a standard coiie edu
cation, she is advised tn to .i
normal school. If she wishes a gen
eral tinishing n.ursv.jir if he wishes
to "specialize" in elocution, music or
crt, she is advised to go to a tinishing
school. We always recommend, how
ever, those not bearing the name col
lege and not conferring degrees. If a
girl wishes a liberal college education
she should, of course, ko to a stand
ard college; but if for denominational
or pecuniary reasons she is forced to
choose a college not recognized as
standard, she is informed as to which
are the approximate colleges and
which are the purely nominal col
ler s in her State. She is then spare.!
the humiliation of learning after shu
graduates that her degree is valueless.
Stung.
Cincinnati Enquirer.
"I would like to get a warrant for
j ? i j
a man wno ooxameu money unuer
false pretenses, announced the angry
man.
"WThat is the trouble?" asked the
clerk.
"A fellow sold me a half interest
... a. i. . , l: n j v
m a peiticoai iaaurj, irpneu me aoi-
gry man.
"W7ell. what is the matter with pet
ticoats?" asked the clerk.
There ain't no such animals," re
plied the angry man.
The average man's favorite occupa
tion is making rules for other man to
obey.
Branch conducted a campaign which
secured a favorable vote on a school
bond issue called for by the';- City
Commissioners. And all t our
branches have taken a more oy less
active interest in securing betttr ob:ld
labor and compulsory education laws.
This year we tried especially to make
our influence felt by urging our res
pective Senators and Representatives
to vote for the Palmer-Owen child
labor bill. For the sake of co-opera
tion m all kinds or social service
work, a number of our branches have
joined the Federation of Women' j
Clubs of their respective States.
The main work of our association
however, is carried on by means of
standing committees made up largely
of representatives from our various
branches. The Extension, Finance and
Press Committees carry on the work
jruzirested by their respective names
The committee on "School Patrons'
has a.s its object especially the keep
ing in touch with the work of other
women's organizations; and during
the past year-this committee has been
investigating the actual illiteracy
conditions of each Southern State as
a first step in improving these con
ditions. But the destinctive work of
our association is in the hands of the
Committees on Scholarships,, "College
Days," and Standards of Colleges.
These committees are working: (1)
to interest girls in going to college;
(2) to differentiate between different
types of institutions calling them
selves colleges; and (3) to persuade
institutions not to make false claims.
The association holds twenty-three
scholarships at standard northern and
western colleges, and each year the
Scholarship Committee tries to find
capable girls who need scholarship
aid, and as many deserving girls need
more than the amount covered by a
scholarship, a loan fund committee
has recently been appointed to secure
money to supplement the scholar
ships. The Committee on "College Days"
and the Committee on Standards of
Colleges co-operate in pointing out
to high school girls what they should
take into consideration in choosing a
college. There are in the South over
cne hundred and forty institutions
calling themselves colleges for wo
men: but as only the six already men-
Our reports show, for instance, that
Georgia has only one standard college
for women Agnes Scott; but that
nine others call themselves colleges.
These reports show further that
Bessie Tift, Brcnau, l.a Grange,
Shorter, and Wesleyan are not rec
ognized by any non-sectarian stand
ardizing agency; that degrees from
such institutions as Andrew. Cox.
Southern Female and Young's ari
purely nominal; and that a diploma
from Lucy Cobb Institute, which does
not pretend to be a college, is pre
ferable to a degree from any of the
nominal colleges.
For the sake of more ready refer
ence for high school girls and their
parents, we are preparing tables
grouping all institutions for women
in each State under the following
heads:
1. Standard Colleges that is.
those recognized by the Association
of Colleges, of the Southern Statt s.
. Approximate Colleges institu
tions not fully criming up to th.
standard set by the Southern CoHene
Association.
3. Finishing Schools institutions
offering one or two years of work in
advance of a high school but not giv
ing any real college courses.
4. Nominal Colleges finishing
schools claiming to be colleges.
5. Normal Schools institution
whose main object is the training ot
students in methods of teaching.
If our treasury permits we will
publish these lists next fall, and dis
tribute them in every high school in
.he South.
By continuing to make public in
every Southern State the actual stan
dard of each educational institution.
we hope to induce all conservatory
"colleges" to drop the title college:
some of our other nominal colleges
to become junior colleges by substi
tuting standard freshmen and sopho
omre work for their present junior
and senior superficial courses; others
to become good preparatory schools,
and only a very few to attempt to be
come standard colleges. For one
standard college for women is all that
any Southern State should at present
attempt to support.
But denominationalism complicates
scientific RiaiXSgement at this point.
We are trying, however, to persuade
the different church boards of edu-1
cation to limit their colleges in a Ptat
to at least one for men and women,
either separate or combined and to
one or two junior colleges. And we
are also endeavoring to create such
a public sentiment as will lead State
Legislatures to pass laws refusing to
grant college charters to corporations
that cannot guarantee resources
amounting to at least 5 3UU,uuu; ior
no institution with less than that
should attempt to do college work.
Our various bulletins issued dur
ing the past five years have already,
to a certain extent, counteracted the
deceptive advertisements of a number
of nominal colleges. And our sta
tistical tables showing the approxi
mate value of recent degrees of Sou
thern colleges are being used at all
leading northern and western col
leges and universities in rating stu
dents from Southern colleges. But
we realize that our influence on nomi
nal colleges, on denominational boards
of education, and on State Legisla
tures will be very slow unless we are
able to gain the sympathy and co
operation of all intelligent Southern
people. Therefore, we beg all who
love honesty and right ideals to help
us m our euons io inauce vaoi .-southern
educational institution to limit
its announcements to its capacity
whether that be that of a preparatory
school, a finishing school, a two-year
colleee. or a real college. Then
then only, shall we have high
tional standards in th South.
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Japan's government forests last
year yielded $5,360,000 in revenues,
and consumed 12,327,000 in expenses.