The farmer and mechanic. [volume], October 26, 1915, Page 10, Image 10

About The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??

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10
THE FARMER AND MECHANIC.
T
tiihkf; well-known'
CTTllUS-FUUIT PESTS
The Fluted Scale, the Purple Scale,
and the lied Scale Are Important
In.! ICnemicsof Citrus Trees
Tliowc Pest Multiply Rapidly, Cov
ering Trunk, Limbs, Leave and
Fruit, Chocking the Growth of the
Tree and Rendering Its Fruit
ValueloMN.
Bv C. L. MARL ATT
DRIED FRUITS AX ECONOMICAL
AND VALUABLE DIET
Fluted Scale.
The Farmer's VI ife May Add to
Variety of Daily Fare by Using
Them Alone or in Cakes. Puddings,
and Confectionery v and the Farmer
May Add to His Income by Drying
Low-Grade Fruit.
Fresh fruits are divided into two
classes, navor iruits ana iooa
fruits," according as they are valued
for their flavor or as a food. Those
that are 80 per cent or more water.
fall under the first classification (ap
ples, pears, peaches, and most of our
common fruits), while those contain
ing less fall under the later (bananas,
grapes, and figs.) The food value of
a pound of dried fruit is, of course,
The damage occasioned by scale in
sects Is of several kinds. The first
and principal injury is the extraction
of the juices of the plant, the scale
insect in its relation to its food plant
being a mere pumping machine, which
is continually absorbing the sap from
its host. While the amount extracted duplicates the oyster-shell scale of much greater than that of a pound of
by a single insect is very small, when the apple. The purple scale is not fresh fruit. A pound of the latter
multiplied by millions it greatly weak- limited to citrus fruits, but occurs yield an average of about 6 ounces
ens the plant. With some species the also on many other plants. dried, but the amount of water in the
excess is thrown off in the rorm or xseitner tne gas treatment nor any criminal fruit is no guide to the food
so-called "honey dew," wnicn accu- oi tne wasnes is a certain remeay ior vaiue 0f the dried product.
muiates in drops and spreads out over tnis scaie, except in immature siages. i rj-ne mam change which takes place
trie DarK or leai as a sucKy uquiu. i it is usuauy necessary io ihhkc two ui
This liquid attracts ants, which very' I three applications of spray at inter
often gives rise to the erroneous be- I vals of two or three weeks to effect
lief that the ants are depredating on anything like extermination.
the plant. The red scale of Florida is another
Another form of injury results I insect of world-wide distribution. As
from the honey dew excretion, which an orange scale it is not a very serious fnl"TZ X Z Z t Zr , 7ntrl
i., rmoi r.aniinn trOM ,rru,n nf nnr. hnt forms the basis of the plant structure
K4 rf,.lXr o K1L- f,.nm.. nAVirinr nn trooa rTO in rnncnrvntnri it is W TedUCed 1Q amOUIlt OT SOltened
tk. ,sTO nnA tmit orri ctiii Ur o Tt tr. tiniriv inft tVi lonvs Much of the starch is changed to some
fiiffti QtiHintr th niant nnd rrf nn- I a ri fi-iiit Tt ha a vorv wid ranPft form of sugar. The change in flavor
In? thA marktahtP vain of its nrnd- nf fond nlants and is nn of the com- S due partly to the proportionate in
ucts. monest of scale insects. The red crease of sugar from loss of water
ARRorintexi with th riamapp due to smIp nf California, is finite, distinct and to absolute increase from Chemi-
the absnrntlon of the iuices of the from the red scale of Florida. Its cal changes
nlant bv the xeade insect is a diseased I name comes not from the coveriner I To determine which of two fruits
condition, particularly to be noted in scale, as with the Florida species, but is more economical, not only must the
the limbs, caused by the irritation from the fact that the body of the cost per pound be known, but the
excited by the beaks or by the in- mature female turns a reddish brown amount of bodily fuel that makes for
jection of some poisonous liquid. The and shows through the thin trans- energy and protein (muscle-building
extreme injury by scale insects arises J parent waxy scale. This insect, al- material) a pound of each would sup
from the further-fact that they are though for years very common and ply. One must also consider what
active the year round in climates I destructive in the groves of southern I expense is required to prepare each
where citrus trees can be gTOwn. I California, and enjoying also a cos- J for the table. Grapes commonly cost
Their most rapid breeding season is mopolitan distribution has, curiously J less a pound than raisins, but a given
irom May to August, DUt continues i enougn. never appenren in a aestruer- sum SDent for grapes will buy a
during drying is the loss of water, but
other changes also occur. Very often
the right degree of heat produces
changes not unlike those which occur
during natural ripening on the plant.
In some cases the crude fiber which
factor in the utilization of fruit -A
would prove unprofitable f.r n",
in the fresh state.
In preparing fruit for . v .
every blemish as well as th
should be carefully remnod.
The fumes of burning suljd: :
employed, not only to make the :
white where the surface hav- t.
discolored by contact with the
but to prevent further H .
after it is sliced.
The" simplest form of con.-;:-,
consists of a box placed hor:,.:.
to admit the boxes or crate- w,-.
fruit. Rollers are placet! in th.
torn to permit the crates t O he e .
along easily.
The crates are entered at . ..
of the bleacher, those previous:-.-in
being pushed along to mak
for the following ones.
The sulphur is burned iniineu
below the point where the fruit -into
the bleacher. A short pi-
stovepipe is placed at th- up;.,
end for the escape of the fume.
When the apples are dri d wn
slicing or paring they lvqau.
bleaching than if they ar sli,i
asmuch as the interior of the t
does not come in contact with th.
Fruit should be put into the h!-,
er immediately after the ft r
pared, to prevent discoloration.
After the fruit is bleached
A.
I J W I
throughout October and November.
In the winter or rainy season they are
more dormant and breeding is at a
much lessened rate.
With most insects injurious to culti
vated plants a periodicity is noted in
their occurrence in injurious numbers.
In the case of a sub-tropical species,
like the scale insects affecting citrus
1 A A. t
piants, mis periodicity is not so
marked as it is with insects in tem
perate latitudes. That there may be
more or less well-defined periods of
destructive abundance, separated by
periods of comparative scarcity is il
lustrated by the noted epidemic of
scale infection which prevailed
throughout the entire orange, lemon,
and olive districts along the shores of
the mediterranean from Italy to Spain
during the first part of the present
century, wnicn later subsided very
Purple Scale.
smaller amount of nutritive material,
since the proportion of water is much
higher than in the raisins.
On the other hand, low-priced fresh
fruit is sometimes as economical as
a somewhat cheaper dried fruit, sinct
the latter would require sugar and
fuel to make it ready for the table.
Attention should also be directed to
the extent of inedible material.
Fruit products in general contain
little protein, but as sources of energy,
derived almost entirely from their
ugar, dried fruits are decidedly
cheaper than meats and compare
favorably with dairy products. They
are, nowever, more expensive man
cereals and starchy vegetables, such
a dried beans and potatoes.
Under no circumstances should
fresh and dried fruits be thought a
ive way elsewhere in this country. It
is the most destructive and injurious
largely of itself, efficient remedies at of a11 tne scale insects affecting the luxury, since they supply the needed
that date being practically unknown, orange in California, it is controlled I nutritive material as an integral part
in this country, scale infestation oy ouY wasnes, ana aiso Dy tne 0f the diet, besides adding to tne at
varies considerably from year to year. as treatment. So far no effective tractiveness of the daily fare. If they
The fluted scale, in California, in- parasites or predaceous insects have are ot be eaten raw, brands mp.de and
creased enormously during the first been found to combat it. marketed in a cleanly way should be
ten or fifteen years and threatened xne nuiea scaie is pernaps me most obtained
notable ot an tne scale insects attack- Tho ammmt rf dHd fmit nrodnced
ing citrus plants, not so much from in the United States increased 575
tne damage now occasioned Dy it as
from the problems of control which
it has brought to the front and the
international character of the work
it has occasioned.
Australia is undoubtedly its original
home, from whence it was introduced
on Australian plants into New Zea
land, Cape Town, South Africa, and
California at about the same time.
It is a very hardy insect and will
live for some time without food. The
nature and habits of this insect makes
it almost impervious to any insecticide
washes; and the orange growers of
California were rapidly losing heart.
In 1889, however, the natural ladybird
enemy of this scale was discovered in
Australia and imported into Califor
nia. This ladybird, in a very short
time, practically exterminated the
fluted scale, saved the State of Cali
fornia annual damage amounting to
hundreds of thousands of dollars and
The Florida Ited Scale,
the very existence of the citrus or
chards. 1 hanks, however, to the
Portable Outdoor Fvaporator.
per cent in ten years. California pro
duces more than four fifths of the
he sliced, cutting straight t!ni,li;t:
apple. The slices should U- ;(
v inch thick.
Other things being equal. Timm
i; sliced to contain the greatest v.
ber of rings, that is, holes mud.
cutting out the cores when
is considered best.
The fruit should he un tied t w
three hours after the drvim
gun and then every two h.un
such a matter afterwards.
One must use his own judgm
to when the fruit is thon;ighi
When finished, it should f-'
velvety and leatherv.
S I '
CAKK OF THi: ( M l
the
its
epi
Australian ladybird, and, doubtless removed this scale insect from the
"ianytnav predaceous and roll of dreaded injurious species,
parasitic insects, it is no longer feared
H?t 7. ifor,nla- The lonS scale in SHIPPING HATCHING EGGS
riunua, aiso, was mucn more injur- a IXNG DISTANCE.
iuus m mo nrst years or its activity
ii.iii ii i i .i ' r i wirif.fi v 1 1 i. . a -r jm , . . . . . . . .
... . v.. aii aoju uic ir natcnintr ecrcrs are ca.reru iv ve.ariv outnut. Arnordinp- to a. verv
Sia? It8, C .was ver abundant and packed in a basket with a good cush- rough estimate, each person in this
. i tJ A . -rT Ai u,siricl5 ion or excelsior in the bottom, they country consumes on an average 5 or
aDOUt ItlVerSlde. Cal. PartlV OWine tft tuill oi-r errant rlictanooo anrl eriva C , ,1., f ;
1 1 I . . . . - ' ..... -i. j O - uiom4.ivvj calu. fi U UUUIiUS OJL U11CU 11 lilt. CX V tell .
fn 7t2li L c,ndlil.nS .and PaLtly eood results. It must not be expect- The value of the product rose from
1? Jrll "TJSS'- thls1Pse,c.t. ed, however, that they will give as between four and five millions to over
wh 1 nf tSril?1? QirStrtC larce a Percentae of hatch as might twenty-one millions in 10 years. The
bv scale inTctc, ,eMt affected e the case nearer home. The writer average wholesale price, however, has
ThMP faptq ,!)0fi n "aa "PPeu cbss a ia.r weist a v.aii- not advanced with the increased de- !
inese Tacts are Cited to give the fornla. nrl an far J?mith as Telnrirta . . , , i
n I r t il M w jt . ML 1 IT
ment they
idea of bellttl
" , v. . the jolting eggs are apt to get by
i. omeA f the PurPle transportation by rail that is likely to
nrartielllJ wASk n0W occurs weaken a strong germ or kill a weak
PJ ,or one, For that reason they should be
;..r ,V.- .'"u4y - well packed in excelsior. Excesior
l4UUUVV.u r 2f . uiai j t an eariy Ms to be nreferred to nnv otbr ma
I:;;,;;" ': ',nia ;:,"lna .caskets are better than boxes,
, , ,. , I vuavu 1. 11 CL L u
The first year of a valf. lii'e is
most important with re.spect i
growth. Unless animals are 1
growing during this period their I'm.ii
development will be much retarded,
and the chances which their inhn
ance would give them.
On the best regulated dairy l'atim
calves are born in the autumn and
early winter, and they should receive
skim milk in moderate quantities
through much, or all, of the summer
following birth. On farms hai: .r
hand separators there is no diftVui!.
in providing the sweet milk for calve.--,
morning and evening, hut farmer
who patronize whole-milk creamer i.-s
or who still skim by hand should re
member that after the first few v - -k
milk for calves should either he th r
oughly sweet or fully sour, that th-
most dangerous condition is the hall
sour stage. If milk is fed to calx".
when it is in this changing condition,
it i3 almost certain to cause indi
gestion. It should not be half s" ;r.
nor sour one day and sweet the net,
but always one or the other.
Clean feeding pails must he u.-ed.
otherwise the germs of fermen:ati"'i
and diarrhoea will be brought to 't,
infant cow from the slime of the diity
drinking dish, and with young oa;
it is important that the temper; J -.feat
which the milk is fed be nearl : '
of the body. Older animals ma
ceive milk of the temperature ..t
milk-holding tank.
While it is very important
heifers should have free ar-cf-s
pasture during the second sum re
develop strong bodies, the .a'
e n
mand; on the contrary, it has dropped
tllify w ' t)UtJno Wlt" the Canada and also to Panama and the rfntc nPr nnnnd
llttln., the need of remedia! reports ?vere very satisfactory. It is CeiePder fitf Vre specially useful
eing more con-
wnen tne supply oi iresn rruiis is
limited or where storage space for '
fresh fruits is lacking. Besides being !
used alone, they may be mixed into i
cakes, puddings, confectionery, and j
other dishes. They afford a nutritious j
and economical wc.y of securing a !
variety of diet, which is often over-
A . V 1 . .
tne orange ana lemon, uecause it is venient to handle, railroad emnloves looked by the housewife
verv difficult to eet an aDOlication on n Iltlir"fu empioes n. . -
- w a- n rt "A""y more carerui wun them
its eggs with one treatment. j?or
many years the purple scale was lim- Onions should not be allowed to ett
it-. iriii r,T,A ti,tt rsulf rpf nn 1 , . . U(JL UL aiiowea to get
nCl, wnen oeiner harvest tviu
but some yeara since it was carried roughens the skin and makes them
on Florida stock to California, where, unsightly. makes them
fortunately, it has not yet become
widely distributed. In general color Sell your surplus canned tvu
It is a brownish purpl. and In shape there i always a demand
I
That portion of the apple crop too
low in grade to market in the ordi
nary way can often be made to pay
a large part, at least, of the expense
of maintaining the orchard if con
verted into some other form.
In some of the apple-growing dis
tricts the evaporation industry has
kept pace with the planting of the
orcnard and bee-orm
not ha ve p;: n.re t ' - .
In fart, for calves lion- ;-f
of thf year, pasturing !ou i
advantage. Most young car -.
f untry are bet'.er f)rf ehev. ii;-:
hay in thf tpiit ::id h.alr-ri.:r'
tlian lighting fii--. ra' t;n if"
heat, and croppinrx ti'u""h i-ti: - '
pasture. R. M. Wadiiiiim.
an important ; worry
Hearty laugher of .iilo:?(
as grown ups is the het itm d