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1 ft. i* .•* •I /"Jv ssii POLITICAL UltlOH OF WHOLE WORLD. Project to Be Discussed at a Conference In Stockholm. FEDERATION NOT INTENDED. For First Time Delegate* From All Nations Will Talk on the Question at International Peace Congress. Gei*m of the Idea In Other Bodies. Political organization of the world fis a pertinent anil practical topic for present times will be the.principal sub ject of discussion at the meeting of the international peace congress at Stockholm. Aug. 29 to Sept. 5. This determination was reached at a ses sion of the Berne bureau in Boston, the official body having in charge tho arrangements for the congress. The vote of the bureau was upon this point: "Further, it is concluded that at fu ture congresses only one great ques tion shall be placed in the foreground. For this year it is the question of In ternational organization." Edwin D. Mead, one of the four 'American members of the Berue bu reau—the others are Samuel T. Dut ton of New York, Dr. Benjamin F. Trueblood of Boston, secretary of the American Peace society, and Mrs. Belva A, Lockwood—says that the pre cise meaning of "international organ ization" is political organization of the •tforld as a single body, just the same as the subject of resolutions adopted In 1903 by the Massachusetts legisla ture. This idea has been also In the minds of some, at least, of the Mo honk delegates who have repeatedly In the Molionk platform Indorsed the proposition of an international legis lative body and have even indicated The Hague conferences as the germ out of which the true world legislature would probably be developed. At the meeting of the Berne bureau at which the above vote was adopted were some twenty members, including Eng lishmen, Frenchmen and Germans. One of them was Senator La Fontaine of Belgium, a leader In tlie movement for universal peace. First Discussion of Question. This will be the first time that a ftody of representatives of many na "ttous, even though unofficial, has ever discussed such a subject. Some writ ers have seen a resemblance between tbis discussion and that at the great peace congresses of 1S48, 1S49 and 1S50 at Brussels, Paris and Frankfort re spectively, where Ellhu Burritt urged bis plan for a congress of nations and establishment of a high court of jus tice. Mr. Burritt even used the ex pression "an international legislature," tout his plan was as Mr. Mead said in Ibe Old South Leaflet, No. 140, contain ing Burritt's addresses at these places, "finally realized at The Hague." What Burritt and his fellow workers bad in mind was a single gathering of delegates, like that of The Hague In 1899, to formulate a code of interna tional law or method of procedure for all nations by the authority of all na tions for settlement of differences be tween them. This was realized at The Hague by the holding of the confer ence and establishment of The Hague Court of arbitration. Mr. Burritt was explicit in saying that his plan did not propose any such organization as ex teflkn the union of states in the Unit ed States. Burritt's effort was to se cure the peace of the world. No Idea of a World Federation. The Stockholm discussion, therefore. Must be regarded as the first formal public discussion in a large way of political unity of all nations as a single Organism. But this discussion has nothing of a world federation idea in It. liather there is believed to be in progress a natural, inevitable develop ment of the unity of the human race (existing in the very fact of the races $eiug upon the earth) into a formal political union. There are already plenty of instances to Illustrate world legislation, more or less partial and Incomplete, but still an expression of the will of nations. The conventions Of the universal postal union and both Of the peace conferences at The Hague *re conspicuous illustrations. Still further, the second conference »t The Hague, in 1907. proposed the t1 erm of the world judicial department the convention for an international |rize court. The recent international |iavat conference In London, beginning last December, in which ten nations look part, including the United States, proposed the formation of a practical ', 'jfcode. There is good authority for tak T- (ng this view of the probable develop fnent from this creation of tbe second llague conference. Germ In Executive Departments. As to the executive department of a si^he world, it is already revealed In Several minor executive offices con tweeted with international bureaus. '•^Dhe permanent office of the universal *§ostal union has a constant executive Jfctaff. There is one counected with the international body near Paris, having fo do with weights and measures, and connected with the permanent WidL arbitration asd tbr ti *1" A 'VV 1 1 v tional Institute of Agriculture at Rome. These are all true executive offices, however humble their grade hence, taking The Hague conference ns the germ of a world legislature, which can be made out very plausi bly, it appears that there is already in existence the beginning of each of the three departments essential to a fully equipped political body, the legislative, the judicial and the executive. These will doubtless have their full weight in the coming discussion. True World LegislatuM, What gives practical aspect to the Stockholm program is the fact that the interparliamentary union Is com mitted to something very much like a propaganda for world political organ ization. It presented to the second Hague conference a request that it proceed to call a third conference, and that action was taken with this idea that out of these conferences of dele gates to an official international gath ering, expressing the will of the na tions, which, when ratified by tho home governments, becomes the form al will of the world, would be devel oped the true world legislature, and this, after due process of development, would have methods and authority of a legislative body. It is recognized that the nations are merely feeling their way to this solution of tho problem of world unity. On the part of the men taking part in the conferences the dis position is not to rush natural progress of events, but to recognize the true nature of what is in progress and to promote it. Idea Advanoed In America. Much has been done in the United States to advance this Idea of world political uuity. Perhaps the Mohonk platforms have been most conspicuous, representative and authoritative. But |he Massachusetts legislature in 1903, Allowing a beginning in 1902. adopted unanimously in each branch resolu tions for a regular International con gress. Eminent indorsement of the idea was made soon after by leading Pennsylvania jurists and business men. The Universal Peace union has favored it. The American Peace so ciety has been at the front of the ef fort. Tbe National Congregational council gave it its formal approval, and several religious bodies adopted resolutions in Its favor. The Interparliamentary union at its session at St. Louis in September. 1904, gave 6trong approval and really took the initiative toward calling the second Hague conference. The Massachusetts state board of trade indorsed it unani mously. The Greenacre fellowship urged support of tbe United States del egation at The Hague in 1907. In stances might be named further where the idea has received support In the United States. While this movement has been taken up and emphasized by tbe leaders in the peace movement It did not origi nate there, but as a phase of world politics. It is true that the peace peo ple now believe that their cause can be best promoted by discussion of the po litical organization of the world, but in tbe nature of tbe movement there Is no reason .why men who believe in arms as a means of securing peace be tween nations should not join in the effort to secure a system of world courts which will make wars impossi ble and will further organise legisla tive and executive departments for promotion of general welfare. But whatever the outcome of the discus sion and whatever of future Impor tance is wrapped up in tbe proposed program. It Is for the first time defi nitely announced that a great Interna tional gathering will discuss for its main subject tbe organization of tbe human race as a single political body. —Boston Cor. New York Post. WAR GAME INCIDENT. IHE COUIITRY'S HEEDS More Farms, Fewer Fighting Ma chines, Says B. F. Yoakum. TELLS OF MONEY SQUANDERED Chairman of Rock Island-Frisco Rail road System Declares Money Wast ed by Government Would Reclaim Farmer Has of Picturesque Scene at the Battle Middleboro In Massachusetts. One of the picturesque sights recall ed by tbe returning soldiers who par ticipated in tbe recent war game in Massachusetts is an incident of the battle of Middleboro. A detachment of the New York cavalry (reds) riding pellmeil dowu the main street was aft er a detachment of the Eighth Massa chusetts blues, bent on its capture. As the men passed the town ball they set up a cheer, for there stood a statue, surrounded by a lawn, of a soldier mounted high on a granite pedestal. Underneath the soldier's form, which was shown with musket in band, was this legend: "To the Defenders of Our Country. Right beside it stood a beautiful wo man dressed all In blue, holding a bou quet of blue flowers In her hand, while she had just finished the task of strew ing other blue flowers about the foot of tbe statue. The cavalrymen hesi tated a moment to cheer, onfe of tbem cried out, "Oh, you bluey!" and then they all put spurs to their horses to overhaul the retreating blues before they could find safety In the main body, from which they had Milled forth as scoots. Pleasant Reward rroirerea Ralph Willis of Wllkesbarre, Pa.. recently found a wallet containing 9% 000. -and 2'i when he returned it to the owner be was offered as a reward a vacation trip of bis own choosing through tbe United States. Be baa not dadded whether to accept tbe r* Mrt«amCor Good Judgment. 'Good judgment and fair dealing are found more generally among farmers than in persons in other occupations, and when they earnestly take hold of public questions they will occupy a place in our political structure that will make their good Judgment and fair conclusions felt more aud more in solv ing tbe relations of the government and its Institutions. "The United States government nine teen years ago commenced the con struction of the Illinois and Mississippi canal. Its length Is seventy-five miles, and It has cost to date, with Interest at 3 per cent, over $9,000,000. or $120. 000 per mile. To maintalu this canal in its present useless condition costs the country's taxpayers $90,000 a year, exclusive of interest on the Investment. A freight boat has never passed through it. "I mention this to illustrate one un dertaking of tbe many which, through tbe lack of system or intelligent plan ning In advance of the construction of our inland waterways, make up the $80,000,000 which is referred to by Commissioner Herbert Knox Smith as wasted. "Tbe government has expended ap proximately $225,000,000 on the Im provement of the Mississippi river and its tributaries. The tonnage handled over the waters of the Mississippi last year was one-third less than it was twenty years ago. 8hould Make More Farm* "The story of government extrava gance of this kind is being told so broadly through the newspapers that the masses are beginning to realize that something is wrong. "The same disregard of the value of money would send the strongest pri vate business in this country into bank ruptcy. A proper use of tbe pruning knife in a downward revision of ex penses would bring surprising results. "It is not practicable to itemize where reductions should be made, but they must come. The deficit should cared for by reducing expenditures and not by raising taxes to increase rev enues. "Tbe European nations are teaching ns a lesson. The controversies in Eng land, the recent troubles In Spain, tbe unrest in Russia, the quarreling over military taxes In Germany. and tbe struggle against new taxes In France should strengthen our faith in tbe proposition that it is better to grow more farm products and make pros perous the man who sows and har vests than to build more battleships and new guns. "Secretary of Agriculture Wilson re. cently said that the most pressing needs of tbe United States are a great er proportion of farmers and more farming land In cultivation. "We would better spend more of the money we burn up in powder in mak ing new farms. Qun's Price Would Make 196 Homes "A forty acre farm of Irrigated land will comfortably support a family of #re. It costs $55,000 to make a twelve inch gun. Tbe money that goes to pay fur this gun would reclaim 1,571 acres Of land, providing homes for 190 peo pie. When all the guns ou all the bat 1 f'. A- 1 V- Ms vrV.' tieahips are shot one time tbe govern* dit 7» i i 4 0 ill W&'X MADISON. SOUTH DAKOTA, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 3. 1909 $150,000. This would reclaim more than 4.000 u res of land, giving homes to more than 500 fanners and their families. The money consumed in JKW der Is lost to all the future. The farmer who buys the reclaimed land must pay the government back in ten years, so it does not cost the government any thing to build up the country by help ing the farmer. We should make more homes and not ao tnany fighting ma chine*." NEW MARINE MONOPLANE. R. Much Land and Build Many Homes. Expressing the opinion that tbe Unit ed states government would do better to encourage the development of more farms Instead of more battleships. B. F. Yoakum, chairman of the executive committee of the Rock Island-Frisco railroad system^ recently delivered atf Shawnee, Ok la., before the Farmers' union of Oklahoma a notable address on the partnership between the rail roads and the fawn—. Be said in part: "The farmers and the railroads are natural partners. The first thing in quired about by an investor in new railroad securities is the character of the country which the road will serve. If it can be shown that tbe territory to be served by the new railroad is a good farming country the greatest trouble in finding the money to build bus been overcome. On the other hand, the lirst question a farmer seeking a location in a new country asks Is, 'What are its railroad facilities?' 'The things most needed by tbe farmer and the railroad, but which are neglected, to the detriment of both, are a better acquaintance and closer work ing relations. These mutual benefits can be attained through the officers of the Farmers' union, representing the producers, and the officers of the rail roads, representing the carriers, deal ing directly with each other. "This country now needs what our forefathers used In laying its founda tion—a lot of old fashioned common sense. A. Moore of Chicaao to Try Otil One For Use Over Water. A new type of mouoplane especially designed for service over the water will soon, according to reports, In? tried out near Washington, 'lhe machine, which was Invented by It. A. Moore of Chicago, will be thirty-five feet long and nine feet wide. Out- feature will be that, wline carrying only a single planu. It will consist of double sur faces about eight Inches apart, con nected by a thiu covering, so as to nerve as a tloaling bladder should tbe craft fall into the water while trying to land ou a tnun-of-war. Sir. Moore has procured a level tract of laud not far from Fort Myer, and there he will erect an uerodome and make experimental tilghts. The uew emit weighs only 250 pounds, and from a thirty-five horsepower engine at high speed, one report has it, 100 miles an hour is anticipated by the Inventor. The monoplane will be pro pelled by three screws attached to a frame between the plane aud the car. Mr. Moore hopes to sell bis machine to the navy department after demonstrat ing its utility. Another feature of Mr. Moore's ma chine is a compressed air attachment to the engine by which sufficient power Is stored to propel the ma chine for ten miles In case of accident This contrivance, if It works, will meet the greatest obstacle the Wright broth ers found to long distance flying away from a given starting point when tho nature ot the ground to be passed over ind the possibility of finding good landing places must necessarily b® more or less unknown. SICKLES ON THE WAR GAME. General Thinks Good Showing Due to Work of General Staff. Major General Daniel E. Sickles, U. 8. A., retired, said tbe other day that the mimic war In Massachusetts between the reds aud the blues, which recently ended, proved conclu sively that a foreign Invasion of the United States between Boston and New York was u military impossibil ity. According to the general, the ma neuvers showed great improvement In military effectiveness over conditions twenty years ago. For this magnificent showing General Sickles said that the work of the general staff, originated by Elihu Uoot when the latter was sec retary of war, was largely responsible. The general thinks that we now have splendidly effective regular army, with a national guard amenable to federal authority to an eff«k tlve de gree and working in co-operation with the regular establishment under con trol of the general staff. The concen tration of 14.000 men with uniformity of equipment, sufficiency of transport and Including, as It did, troops of the cavalry, engineering aud heavy artil lery arms of the service, could not have been attempted a few years ago, In the general's opinion, without the expenditure of extraordinary effort. Genenil Sickles was of the opinion A FOR SALE BY ipg $1000.00 Given for any mbatasce in-1 jurioui to health louud in food •etulting boat the u*e of ^Calumet Baking 'owder that General Bliss HUDSON-FULTON STAMP. Issue of 80,000,000 to Commemorate Notable Celebration. Postmaster General Hitchcock re cently signed an order for the issu ance of a new two cent stamp in com memoration of the Hudson-Fulton cel ebration at New York. It is oblong in shape, being about seven-eighths of an inch by one and three-eighths Inches In size. At the top Is n wide border containing tbe inscription, -Hudson-Fulton Cente nary," with the dates 1609-1909 below the inscription In a curved line are tho words "U. S. Postage." and at tbe bottom on each side is a prominent Arabic numeral "2." with tbe words "Two Cents" in a panel between the figures. In the center la engraved a picture showing the Palisades of the Hudson, with the Half Moon sailing up tbe river and tbe Clermont steaming in the opposite direction. In the fore ground Is an Indian in a canoe, and In the distauee four other Indians In a canoe are discernible. The color of the stamp Is that of the present two cent issue. The order provides for an issue of 50,000.000. It Is hoped to harp them (ID sale on Sent. 20. OFF WITH YOUR WHISKERS. Queen Victoria Told King Alfonso Looked Like an English Butler. There Is an epilogue to the story of the whiskers of King Alfonso of Spain, which was recently cabled to New York from London. Ills majesty when he arrived at San Sebastian from Mad rid was wearing side whiskers aud bad had his hah- cut very short. The king thought that this change gave him tbe appearance of an ad miral of the British navy, but Queen Victoria Eugenia quickly remarked that be looked more like an English butler and urged him to shave the whiskers off. This his majesty did, for when he returned to Madrid be was whlskeriess once more and looked younger than ever. Ton of Tree Seeds For Forests. Two thousand |xunds of tree seeds will be gathered tills yeur lu the na tional forests of California to be used later In sowing ou tracts where tree growth is most needed. Extensive sowing operations will be conducted in selected California national forests. Progress reports liave beeu called for. and 111 the forests in the state where there is a gmxl se»d crop the supervis ors bnve been asked to bend every ef fort to Insure tile collection of the re quired amou'if of kwkI THB, David M.Pfaelzer& Co. is the pioneer of Com bination suits and the peer of any mad* Double seat and kmes of sam: material taped seams. Every weak point in other makes is doubly strengthened in Um Wearbelttt» A chain isno stronger than its weakest link." Call and inspect them as well as the complete assortment of Wear better" Young Men's and other Children's suits. Quality prtvmil. fl* if" uikii llEkf:! i i ifmmmm guinMflhm i. outmaneuvered Gen eral Pew in the New Kngland war game, but gave as the reason the fact that the former general was a regular and h%d therefore had more experi ence. •MEMBER Of* OUR MOTTO HONEST CONCRETE1 CO"V"IO»«TS0 W. a MARQUART, CHAS. B. 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